Aktt308

Leflunomide and A77 1726 were kindly provided by CinKate Corporation (Oak Park, IL). Cytochalasin and rosiglitazone were purchased from Calbiochem (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA). 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), carboxymethyl-cellulose sodium (CMC), uridine, dexamethasone, and 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2-DG (5–10 Ci(185–370GBq)/mmol, 1mCi (37MBq) was purchased from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA). Insulin used in the in vitro study was purchased from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor), antibodies against AKT, S6K1, S6, IRS-1, p85 of the PI-3 kinase and phospho-antibodies (AKT^S473, AKT^T308, S6K1^T389, S6^S235/236, IRS-1^S1101, IR^Y1146, and IRS-1^S636) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Anti-β-actin antibody monoclonal antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). The sources of antibodies and their applications were listed in Table 1. (mCherry-GLUT4-myc expression vector was kindly provided by Dr. Amira Klip (The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario). Use of the radioactive isotope was approved by Rush University Medical Center. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of Rush University Medical Center and Yangzhou University.