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14 protocols using divinylbenzene dvb

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polymers

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Sulfur (S8, sublimed powder, reagent grade, ≥99.5%, Brenntag UK & Ireland. Purchased in 25 kg bags), ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA, 98%, Alfa Aesar), glyoxal bis(diallyl acetal) (GBDA, Aldrich), trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (CDDT, 98%, Alfa Aesar), 1,3,5,7-tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TVTCSi, 97%, Alfa Aesar), 1,2,4-trivinylcycohexane (TVCH, 98%, Fluorochem), dicyclopentadiene (DCPD >95%, TCI), 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB, 97%, Aldrich), divinylbenzene (DVB, 80%, Merck), (R)-(+)-limonene (97%, Aldrich), squalene (≥98%, Alfa Aesar), linseed oil (Aldrich), sunflower oil (Tesco PLC, food grade), sodium diethyldithiocaebamate trihydrate (Alfa Aesar), copper diethyldithiocaebamate (TCI), nickel diethyldithiocaebamate (TCI), zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (97%, Aldrich), ZnO (Aldrich), zinc (Aldrich), ZnCl2 (Aldrich), FeCl2 (Aldrich), CuO (Aldrich), CuCl2 (Aldrich), zinc stearate (Aldrich), 2-Cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate (>97%, Aldrich), thiram (Aldrich), chloroform (Aldrich), and chloroform-d (CDCl3,Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc.) were commercially available and used as received without any further purification. Iron diethyldithiocaebamate and cobalt diethyldithiocaebamate were both synthesized from sodium diethyldithiocaebamate following a method reported in the literature59 (link).
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2

Purification and Characterization of Softwood and Hardwood Lignins

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Softwood (Picea abies L.) and hardwood (Eucalyptus grandis) lignins were obtained by the kraft process and purified according to the LignoBoost technology protocol [51 ]. The moisture content was 6.4% and 5.1%, respectively, and ash content was 0.6% and 1.2%, respectively. Methacryloyl chloride, styrene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt, methylene chloride, trimethylamine, magnesium sulfate, and benzyl alcohol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. α,α’-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) (62.2% of 1,4-divinylbenzene, 0.2% of 1,2-divinylbenzene, and ethylvinylbenzene were washed with 3% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution before use). Ethyl acetate (reagent grade) and ethanol (absolute) for the lignin fractionation were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Stockholm, Sweden), while methanol (analytical grade) was purchased from VWR (Stockholm, Sweden). Acetone, methanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform, toluene, decan-1-ol, and acetonitrile for swelling studies were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Gliwice, Poland).
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3

Synthesis of Polyvinyl-Siloxane Composites

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Polyhydromethylsiloxane (PHMS) of molar mass about 3000 product of ABCR(Karlsruhe Germany), 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (DVTMDS) (ABCR, Karlsruhe Germany, 97%), poly(vinyl alcohol) molar mass Mn = 7.2 × 104 (Avantor Performance Materials S.A., Gliwice, Poland) were purchased from producers and used without additional purification. Divinylbenzene (DVB) was purchased from Merck Life Science (Darmstadt, Germany) with a declared purity 80.1% is a mixture of 56/24 meta and para isomers and 18.8% of ethylvinylbenzene, Karstedt complex offered by Momentive Performance Materials (Leverkusen, Germany) 20 w% Pt.
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4

Ofloxacin Transdermal Formulation Development

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Ofl was received as research sample from Elder Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Navi Mumbai, India). MAA, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and N,N'-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) were purchased from Central Drug House (Mumbai, India). Divinyl benzene (DVB) supplied by Merck (Germany) was used as received. XG, SCMC, and benzoyl peroxide (BP) were purchased from Heny Fine Chemicals (Vadodara, India). Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and other chemicals were acquired from S.D Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Cellulose acetate dialysis tube (cut-off molecular mass of 12000) and monochloroacetic acid were procured from Sigma Aldrich (USA). All other reagents used in this study were of HPLC grade and used without further purification. Millipore water was prepared by Milli-Q plus system (Millipore Corporation Breford, USA) and used for every experiment.
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5

Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Polymers

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2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA, 95%), oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (Mn = 300 g mol−1, MEO5MA), poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA, Mn ≈ 550 g mol−1), divinylbenzene (DVB) and 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-methylimidazole and 1-hexadecyl chloride were purchased from Acrös Organics. Long-chain ionic liquid 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (IL16) was synthesized according to the original report [27 (link)]. Styrene (St) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) were purchased from Shanghai Titan Technology Co., Shanghai, China. Sinomenine (SIN), diltiazem (DIZ) and Chlorpromazine (CPZ) were purchased from Meilun Biological Products Company, Dalian, China. All reagents were used as received without further purification.
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6

Synthesis of Magnetic Polymer Composites

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Divinylbenzene (DVB) and methacrylic acid (MA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethyl acetate (EtoAc), FeCl3·6H2O, FeSO4·6H2O, glycol, NaOH, HCl and MB were supplied by Tianjin Bodi Chemical Co., Ltd., China. 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) was purchased from Shanghai No.4 Reagent & H.V. Chemical Co., Ltd., China. All of these chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received.
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7

Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication Protocol

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Methacrylic acid (MAA) [79–41–4] (cat. no. M0782, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and divinyl benzene (DVB) [97–90–5] (cat. no. 414565, Sigma-Aldrich) were filtered through an extraction column composed of 500 mg of aluminium oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) for separation prior to use, in order to remove stabilizers. 2,2′-Azobisisobutyronitrile [78–67–1] (AIBN) was used as obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (Milli-Q, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Screen-printed cells (SPC) with graphite working electrode (WE), graphite auxiliary electrode (AE), and Ag ink quasi-reference electrode (RE) on polyester support were commercially available (EcoBioServices s.r.l., Florence, Italy). Each cell was cut out from a strip of ten screen-printed cells to a width of 0.9 cm.
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8

Synthesis of Chitosan-DVB Composites

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N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), chitosan, and divinylbenzene (DVB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), triethylamine, NaBH4, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM), N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Thioglycolic acid (TGA) and acryloyl chloride were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Tianjin, China), and Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O was purchased from TianJin Kemel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Before use, the DVB was passed through an aluminum oxide column to remove the stabilizer.
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9

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Composites

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Ethyl acrylate (EA, 97%), n-butyl acrylate (BA, 98%), styrene (99%), 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (V-50, 97%), potassium peroxodisulfate (KPS, 95%), ethanol (99.5%), and methanol (99.8%) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Japan) and used as received. Divinylbenzene (DVB, 80%) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES, 97%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. Water in the present study was distilled and ion-exchanged (EYELA, SA-2100E1, Japan). All Glass substrates (24 mm × 60 mm/Neo Micro Cover Glass, Matsunami Glass Ind., Ltd.) were used after cleaning by ultrasonication in (1) ethanol, (2) detergent in water, and (3) pure water.32 (link) PS substrate (60 mm/Non-Treated Dish, Iwaki, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) were used after cleaning by (1) detergent in water and (2) pure water.
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10

Synthesis of SiOC and SiOC/Sb Materials

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Chemicals for the synthesis of SiOC and SiOC/Sb
Polymethylhydrosiloxane (MW ≈ 1900, PMHS, Sigma Aldrich), divinyl benzene (DVB, technical grade, 80%, Sigma Aldrich), Sb acetate (Sb(Ac) 3 , 99.99%, Sigma Aldrich), 2-ethylhexanoic acid (≥99%, Sigma Aldrich), ortho-xylene (99%, pure, Acros Organics) and platinum Karstedt's catalyst ( platinum(0)-1,3divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex solution in xylene, Pt ≈2%, Sigma-Aldrich) were used as received.
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