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4 protocols using cd81 ab109201

1

Protein Extraction and Analysis of Tendon-Bone Junction

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Tendon-bone junction tissues were cut into pieces, and proteins were harvested from the tissues using ice-cold RIPA lysis. Then, the protein concentration was measured using a BCA Protein Assay kit (Beyotime, China). The protein samples were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, which were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sangon Biotech, China) for 1 h. Later, primary antibody was added to incubate the membranes at 4°C overnight. Primary antibodies CD206 (ab64693, 1: 1000), CD81 (ab109201, 1: 500), CD9 (ab92726, 1: 800), and tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101; ab125011, 1: 1000) were purchased from Abcam, and Arg1 (93668S, 1: 1000) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Then, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Beyotime, A0208, 1: 1000) at 37°C for 2 h. Finally, the reaction solution was added for exposure analysis.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle Markers

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Protein concentration was quantified using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) or Bradford assay. Thereafter, Laemmli sample buffer was added to the protein samples and boiled at 95 °C for 10 min. The protein samples were resolved in a 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a 0.22 µm PVDF membrane. Subsequently, the membrane was blocked in 5% skimmed milk in TBST and then probed with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. The antibodies used included ALIX (#2171), GM130 (#12480), LAMP1 (#9091), EEA1 (#3288), RAB7 (#9367) and RAB11 (#5589) from Cell Signaling Technologies (Danvers, MA, USA), CD9 (sc-18869), cathepsin D (sc-377124), cathepsin L (sc-390367) and VDAC1 (sc-58649) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) and cathepsin B (ab214428), CD63 (ab217345) and CD81 (ab109201) from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
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3

Quantitative Protein Analysis in Cells

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Protein content from all samples was quantified using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (23225; Thermo Fisher). Western blot analysis was performed using standard procedures, was detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting detection kit (32106; Thermo Fisher), and was quantified by scanning densitometry. Antibodies against phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase B (Akt) (Ser473) (#4060), Akt (#4685), p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (Thr202/Tyr204) (#4370), ERK (#4695), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2, #9698), p-VEGFR2 (Tyr1175) (#3770), β-actin (#4970), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, #5174) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). CD36 (18836), CPT1A (15184), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1B (CPT1B; 22170), VEGF (19003), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1; 14427), and golgi matrix protein 130 (GM130; 11308) were purchased from Proteintech. AGPAT1 (GTX55496) was purchased from GeneTex. CD31 (ab213175), tumor susceptibility 101 (TSG101, ab125011), and CD81 (ab109201) were purchased from Abcam. GAPDH or β-actin was used as a loading control.
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4

Proteomic Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles

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Total proteins were extracted by lysing samples with ice-cold RIPA buffer supplemented with SIGMAFAST™ Protease Inhibitors and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail 3 and 2 (all from Sigma, St. Louis, MI, USA). Protein concentration was determined using BCA (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Proteins were boiled with Laemmli SDS sample buffer 6x (VWR International, Dietikon, Switzerland), separated on 4–20% Mini-PROTEAN®TGX™ Precast Gel, and transferred onto a PVDF membrane with a semi-dry transfer system (all from Bio-Rad Europe, Basel, Switzerland). Membranes were incubated with appropriate antibodies (TF-CD142 ab252918; CD81 ab109201; Syntenin-1 ab19903; TSG101 ab125011; Apo-B48 ab20737; Apo-A1 ab33470 all from aBCAm) and then with IRDye® 680RD or 800CW goat anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit secondary Ab (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). Infrared signal was detected using Odyssey CLx Detection System (LI-COR Biosciences). Full images of membranes are provided in Fig. S1b.
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