This study utilized 30 intact human maxillary first premolars extracted from orthodontic patients aged 18–22 years (Jlekh and Abdul-Ameer, 2018 ). The teeth were caries and filling-free, with no plaque, calculus, or periodontal ligament remnants. Samples were stored in 0.1% thymol solution for 1 week, followed by sterile water for 1 day at 37 °C.
The roots were mounted in a custom-made square silicone mold (Express STD, 3 M ESPE, St. Paul, USA) up to 2 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ
The 30 teeth were randomly divided into the following three groups of different preparation designs (n = 10 each): HCD group with hollow chamfer finish line, BJD group with butt-joint finish line, and COD group with conventional occlusal box and cusp reduction.