The frictional experiments were carried out on the hot-patterned BMG surfaces by pin-on-flat reciprocating tests on a Bruker UMT-3 Tribometer with a Si3N4 pin (Ø2.6 mm), as illustrated in Fig. 5a . Here a 4N force was applied, slide reciprocally with speed of 10 mm/s and time of 900 s in-air temperature at dry condition and water was acted as lubricant at wet condition. Figure 5b illustrates the top view of the friction on the patterned surfaces with various pitches. The morphologies of the hot-embossed and worn BMG surfaces were subsequently characterized by SEM/EDX and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM, Keyence VK-X200 series).
Vk x200 series
Manufactured by Keyence
Sourced in Japan
The VK-X200 series is a 3D laser scanning microscope that captures high-resolution 3D images of samples. It features a large measurement range, high-speed data acquisition, and advanced image processing capabilities.
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Lab products found in correlation
Laser microscope 3d profile measurements, by Keyence (2 mentions)
Vk viewer software, by Keyence (1 mentions)
Photonic professional gt, by Nanoscribe (1 mentions)
Mpms xl, by Quantum Design (1 mentions)
Multifileanalyzer software, by Keyence (1 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Vk analyzer v3, by Keyence (1 mentions)
Bz x700, by Keyence (1 mentions)
T64000, by Horiba (1 mentions)
Su 5000, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
D8 x ray diffractometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
12 protocols using vk x200 series
1
Frictional Behavior of Hot-Patterned BMG Surfaces
2
Characterization of Surface Materials
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Coupon materials included stainless steel with a smooth, 2B finish (referred to as SS2B); stainless steel with an unpolished finish (referred to as SSrough); high-density polyethylene (referred to as HDPE); Buna-N rubber (60A, plain backing type, 450% elongation, white); unsealed cement (referred to as cement); and epoxy-coated cement (referred to as epoxy). Unsealed cement coupons were fabricated manually by mixing 675.29 g of Quikrete anchoring cement (10 lb, purchased from a national retailer; Quikrete, Ithaca, NY) with 877.5 g of water. The cement and water mixture was then molded into the size of the designed coupon (2.4 cm in width, 3.5 cm in length, and 0.48 cm in thickness). Half of the unsealed cement coupons were then coated with water-based epoxy coating (Rust-Oleum epoxy shield 2-part gray gloss garage floor epoxy). The characterization of surface materials was performed prior to surface inoculation. Surface roughness was measured using laser microscopy (VK-X200 series; Keyence, Osaka, Japan) with a 50× lens objective and analyzed with VK Viewer software (Keyence, Osaka, Japan). Surface hydrophobicity was measured using a contact angle instrument (Rame-Hart Instrument Co., Succasunna, NJ) paired with DROPimage Advanced software (Rame-Hart) under 23°C and 28% relative humidity.
3
Surface Topography Characterization of Implants
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The surface morphology of the studied substrates, which can affect the primary interaction between the implant body and the environment, was characterized with respect to its microscopic topography. Average roughness, Ra, for the different surfaces was acquired using a confocal scanning laser microscope (Laser Microscope 3D & Profile measurements, Keyence, VKx200 Series, Osaka, Japan) capable of high-resolution optical images with depth selectivity. The average roughness was calculated as the mean value over 36 images randomly acquired on each sample using 150× magnification.
4
Density, Hardness, and Stress Analysis of SLM Samples
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Archimedes’ principle was selected to measure the density of SLM samples [4 ]. The specific equation is as follows:
where ρRe, ρ and ρTh are the relative density, average density value and theoretical density of the material (4.43 g/cm3), respectively.
The microhardness test was conducted on a Future-tech (MH-6) machine (FUTURE-TECH, Tokyo, Japan) according to ASTM E384-17 where the load was 0.5 kg and dwell time was 8 s. We used the X-ray residual stress measurement system μ-X360n (Pulstec, Hamamatsu, Japan) to measure the residual stress of samples. The specimens for tensile testing were prepared in accordance with the GB/T 228.1-2010 standard, and the experiment was conducted at a rate of 0.01 mm/s at room temperature. The model of the machine in this test was Instron 5582 (Instron, Boston, MA, USA). The surface topography of the samples was analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscope (Keyence, VK-X200 series, Osaka, Japan). All of the measurements were conducted at five different locations and each final value of micro-hardness, residual stress and surface roughness was the average of the five tests.
where ρRe, ρ and ρTh are the relative density, average density value and theoretical density of the material (4.43 g/cm3), respectively.
The microhardness test was conducted on a Future-tech (MH-6) machine (FUTURE-TECH, Tokyo, Japan) according to ASTM E384-17 where the load was 0.5 kg and dwell time was 8 s. We used the X-ray residual stress measurement system μ-X360n (Pulstec, Hamamatsu, Japan) to measure the residual stress of samples. The specimens for tensile testing were prepared in accordance with the GB/T 228.1-2010 standard, and the experiment was conducted at a rate of 0.01 mm/s at room temperature. The model of the machine in this test was Instron 5582 (Instron, Boston, MA, USA). The surface topography of the samples was analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscope (Keyence, VK-X200 series, Osaka, Japan). All of the measurements were conducted at five different locations and each final value of micro-hardness, residual stress and surface roughness was the average of the five tests.
5
Surface Roughness Analysis of Reduced Films
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Surface roughness of the reduced films was determined using the confocal laser scanning microscope (Keyence, VK-X200 series) with 20× objective. Two separate films of each sample were analysed based on at least at 5 different locations on each film. Surface roughness was determined using the instrument software and reported as average ± standard deviation.
6
Fabrication and Characterization of Magnetic Micro-Rafts
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Micro-rafts were designed in Rhinoceros 3D with the algorithmic modeling plug-in Grasshopper. Models of micro-rafts were then 3D-printed on Nanoscribe Photonic Professional GT with 63× oil immersion lens. The slicing and hatching distances were 0.3 and 0.2 μm, respectively. Thin films of cobalt and gold were sputtered using Kurt J. Lesker NANO 36. Cobalt was sputtered at 100 W and under a sputtering vacuum of ~4.0 × 10−3 mbar; gold was sputtered at 40 W and under a sputtering vacuum of ~2.8 × 10−3 mbar. SEM images of the micro-rafts were taken on the EO Scan Vega XL at 5 kV. Laser scanning confocal microscope images were taken on the Keyence VK-X200 series. SQUID measurement was performed on the Quantum Design MPMS XL with the range ±1 T.
7
Microscopic Analysis of Coagulated Dairy Blends
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An aliquot of each coagulated CM:PP blend was placed on a 3-mm microscope slide and gently dried at 37°C in an oven. Afterward, it was analyzed with a 3-dimensional laser microscope (VK-X200 series, Keyence) under different magnifications (10×, 20×, 50×, and 150× lenses). Four images were analyzed for each sample, and the most representative was chosen and depicted for analysis. Five areas of each image were analyzed to determine surface roughness (Sa; as the arithmetical mean height in μm) using Multi File Analyzer software (version 1.3.1.120; Keyence). The averages of each CM:PP blend Sa values were compared with Sa values of the positive control (coagulated skim milk).
8
Violet Laser Scanning Microscopy
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Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) was performed with a Keyence Deutschland GmbH, Neu-Isenburg, Germany microscope, model VK-X200 series with a violet laser (408 nm).
9
Zirconia Topography and Roughness Evaluation
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Topographic analysis was performed by a Laser 3D profile measurement microscopy (VK-X200 series, KEYENCE, Osaka, Japan). The arithmetical mean surface roughness (Ra in μm) of each sample was measured five times at different areas. The average of five disks was used for the roughness of each group. Then zirconia disks were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; S-4800, HITACHI, Tokyo, Japan). The object lens used was of 50× magnification.
10
Surface Roughness Characterization of Titanium
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AM and machined Ti discs (Ø = 8 mm × 2 mm) were used for surface characterization (n = 3). Two- and three-dimensional images were acquired at 50× magnification and assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM; VK-X200 series, Keyence, Japan) (Costa et al., 2020). CLSM micrographs were obtained from each sample and processed with the VK Analyzer v3.3.0.0 software (Keyence, Osaka, Japan) to obtain the surface roughness parameters (average roughness—Ra; root mean square roughness—Rq, and average maximum height of the profile—Rz) [17 (link)].
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