Roots of Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew) heim were purchased from Qinghai Tibetan hospital in Qinghai (batch number: 20161023; Xining, Qinghai province, China). Dextran standards (5800, 11 800, 47 300, 100 000, 380 000, and 788 000 Da) were acquired from Pharmacia Biotech (Uppsala, Sweden). Standard monosaccharides (glucose, d -glucosamine hydrochloride, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-d -glucosamine, d -galactosamine hydrochloride, xylose, fructose, arabinose, guluronic acid, mannuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid) were purchased from Sigma chemical. Dialysis membranes (size 36, MWCO = 8–14 kDa) were purchased from Wako. Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, sodium borohydride, chloroform, NaOH powder, DMSO, iodomethane, formic acid, methanol, trifluoroacetic acid were all analytical reagents.
Mannuronic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Mannuronic acid is a naturally occurring uronic acid. It is a key structural component of alginate, a polysaccharide found in brown seaweed. Mannuronic acid plays a role in the formation of alginate gels.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Galacturonic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Glucuronic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Arabinose, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Fructose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Galactose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Ribose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Rhamnose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Mannose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Xylose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Guluronic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fucose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Monosaccharide standard, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N acetyl d glucosamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D glucosamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D galactosamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dextran standard, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Annexin 5 fitc apoptosis kit, by Beyotime (1 mentions)
Hoechst 33258, by Beyotime (1 mentions)
3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium mtt, by Beyotime (1 mentions)
Hyaluronic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
7 protocols using mannuronic acid
1
Extraction and Analysis of Himalayan Plant Polysaccharides
2
Purification and Characterization of Mucor Polysaccharide
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The China Center of Industrial Culture Collection provided the Mucor sp. strain (CICC 3039) used in this study. Cellulose DE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography resins were obtained from Beijing Solibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Dextran standards (668, 410, 273, 148, 81, 49, 24, 12, and 5 kDa) and monosaccharide standards (fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, guluronic acid, glucuronic acid, and mannuronic acid) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). DMEM medium, RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO GRL (USA). Hoechst 33,258, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), and annexin V–FITC apoptosis kits were supplied by the Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Chromatographic-grade reagents were used in high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
3
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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Bacterial strains were grown to mid-exponential phase (approximately an optical density at 600 nm [OD600] of ~0.5 or 2 × 108 CFU/ml). For H2O2 killing assays, bacteria were mixed 1:1 with H2O2 diluted in LBNS and incubated for 1 h at 37°C, followed by plating for CFU per milliliter on PIA. Data were expressed as log fold killing relative to the no-treatment condition. For the LL-37 (Sigma) killing assays, bacteria at the exponential phase were pelleted and resuspended in sodium phosphate buffer (SPB) at pH 6.4. Bacteria were mixed 1:1 with LL-37 diluted in SPB and incubated 1 h at 37°C, followed by plating for CFU per milliliter on either PIA or LA. For experiments in which mono- or polysaccharides were added exogenously, seaweed alginate (Sigma), hyaluronic acid (Sigma), dextran (Sigma), chitosan (MP Biomedicals), mannuronic acid (Sigma), and guluronic acid (Carbosynth, Compton, United Kingdom) were obtained commercially. P. aeruginosa alginate was purified as described below.
4
Isolation and Characterization of Grape Pomace Bioactives
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Grape pomace of Cabernet Sauvignon was collected from Table Grape Research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China. Macroporous resin AB-8 was purchased from Solarbio Technology Co., LTD. (Beijing, China). Standard monosaccharides (fucose rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, mannuronic acid and guluronic acid) were obtained from Sigma Chemicals Company (St. Louis, MI, USA). The diagnostic kits for inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) and antioxidant indicators (ALT, AST, SOD, CAT and GSH), and hepatotoxicity indexes (MDA) were from Meimian Biotechnology Co., LTD (Yancheng, China). All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
5
Edible Lily Species Monosaccharide Analysis
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Fresh bulbs from three edible lily species, Lilium davidii var. willmottiae, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, and Lilium lancifolium. were collected from Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Longhui County, Hunan Province, and Longshan County, Hunan Province, China, respectively. Monosaccharides (fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, mannuronic acid, and guluronic acid) were purchased from Sigma Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). A series of polyethylene glycol standards were purchased from PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH. Other commonly used reagents were analytically pure and purchased from local suppliers.
6
Immunomodulatory Effects of U. pinnatifida
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Rongcheng City Aquatic Products Co. LTD (China) provided the air-dried U. pinnatifida powders, in September 2019. Shanghai Solarbio Bio-Technology Co. LTD (Shanghai, China) provided lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Sephadex G-100, and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow. Sigma Co. (NY, MO, U.S.A.) provided mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), glucose (Glc), ribose (Rib), galactose (Gal), fucose (Fuc), xylose (Xyl), mannuronic acid (ManUA), glucuronic acid (GlcUA), and fructose (Fru), galacturonic acid (GalUA). The murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell lines were provided by Jinan University in Guangzhou, China. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin–streptomycin, Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), and phosphate buffer solution (PBS), were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, U.S.A.). Beijing Beyotime Biotechnology Co. LTD (China) provided NO kits, and Shanghai Bioss Biotechnology Co. LTD (China) provided the cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) kits. NeoBioscience Biotechnology Co. LTD (Shenzhen, China) provided the interleukin (IL)-6 kits and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α kits. All other chemical reagents used are analytical grade in the study.
7
Seawater Carbohydrate Analysis Preparation
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Prior to the analysis of carbohydrates in seawater, all used laboratory glassware had been washed with ultrapure water (conductivity >18.2 MΩ•cm) thoroughly and pre-heated in a muffle furnace at 550°C for 4 h. All plastic equipment was washed in 10% HCl solution and washed with ultrapure water three times.
For calibrating the HPAEC-PAD and determining the recovery of individual monosaccharides, a mixed stock solution was prepared from fucose (Roth, 95%), galactosamine (Sigma, 99%), rhamnose (Sigma, 99%), arabinose (Sigma, 99%), glucosamine (Fluka), galactose (Fluka, 99%), glucose (99%), xylose (Fluka, 99%), mannose (Fluka,99%), fructose (Aldrich, 99%), ribose (Aldrich, 98%), muramic acid (Sigma, 95%), galacturonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), glucuronic acid (Sigma, 97%), mannuronic acid (Sigma, 90%). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2020-2 Preprint. Discussion started: 17 January 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Synthetic seawater samples were made of commercially available sea salts (Sigma). The salinity in practical salinity units (PSU) and the pH of water aliquots was measured by using a conductivity meter (pH/Cond 3320, WTW).
For calibrating the HPAEC-PAD and determining the recovery of individual monosaccharides, a mixed stock solution was prepared from fucose (Roth, 95%), galactosamine (Sigma, 99%), rhamnose (Sigma, 99%), arabinose (Sigma, 99%), glucosamine (Fluka), galactose (Fluka, 99%), glucose (99%), xylose (Fluka, 99%), mannose (Fluka,99%), fructose (Aldrich, 99%), ribose (Aldrich, 98%), muramic acid (Sigma, 95%), galacturonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), glucuronic acid (Sigma, 97%), mannuronic acid (Sigma, 90%). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2020-2 Preprint. Discussion started: 17 January 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Synthetic seawater samples were made of commercially available sea salts (Sigma). The salinity in practical salinity units (PSU) and the pH of water aliquots was measured by using a conductivity meter (pH/Cond 3320, WTW).
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