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27 protocols using image analysis software

1

Stomatal Traits of Transgenic Plants

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Stomata size [Stomatal Length (STL LEN) & Stomatal width (STL WID)] and Stomatal density (STL DEN) of transgenic and NT plants were determined from the fully expanded third leaf of NT and transgenic lines after 10 days of drought and 5 days after salt stress using leaf surface imprint method (Yu et al., 2008 (link)). The leaf imprints were collected and placed on glass slide and observed under Olympus microscope (BX51, Olympus). Stomatal density and size were determined using OLYMPUS Image Analysis software.
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2

Hippocampal Neuropathological Evaluation

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The samples were examined independently by two neuropathologists and focused predominantly on the archicortical parts of the hippocampal region; the presence or absence of Aβ deposits and AT8-positive structures, in relation to PrP deposits, was evaluated. An Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus Europa SE and Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany) was used for examination with 100× magnification. Images were captured with an Olympus DP72 camera using Olympus image analysis software (Olympus Europa SE and Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany).
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3

Epididymal Sperm Concentration and Motility

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The epididymis was harvested, quickly cleared of fatty tissue, and then weighed. The sperm per gram caudal epididymis was determined by weighing the caudal portion of the epididymis. 2010 WHO Manual was the reference used for the manual sperm examination [18 (link)]. Concentration was assessed using the Neubauer hemocytometer and the epididymal Sperm Concentration was counted by a modified method of Yokoi and Mayi [19 ]. Similarly, the Sperm Progressive Motility was evaluated by an earlier method by Sonmez et al. [20 (link)] Sperm count and sperm motility were evaluated at × 100 magnification under an Olympus light microscope equipped with a Makler counting chamber (Sefi-Medical Instruments, Haifa, Israel). Using an Olympus light microscope, two hundred sperm cells were examined at × 400 magnifications per animal to determine the morphological abnormalities. Olympus image analysis software was used for high-resolution 4-D acquisition through the light microscope.
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4

Transmission Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

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Preparation of samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed by the Microscopy Service (SCSIE, University of Valencia). LR-white resin inclusion was performed. Samples were filtered in resin and polymerized at 60°C for 48 h. Ultrathin slices (60 nm) were made with a diamond blade (DIATOME, Hartfield, USA) in eyelet grilles in a UC6 Ultracut (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and stained with uranyl acetate 2% for 25 min and lead citrate 3% for another 12 min prior to visualization in Jeol-1010 (JEOL Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) at 60 kV. Images were acquired with a digital camera MegaView III with Olympus Image Analysis Software (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
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5

Hippocampal Aβ and AT8 Evaluation

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The samples were examined independently by two neuropathologists focused predominantly on the archicocortical parts of hippocampal region, and the presence/absence of Aβ deposits and AT8-positive structures, in relation to PrP deposits, was evaluated. An Olympus BX51 microscope (Olympus Europa SE and Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany) was used for examination with 100× magnification. Images were captured with an Olympus DP72 camera controlled using Olympus image analysis software (Olympus Europa SE and Co. KG).
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6

Histological Scoring of Colonic Damage

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Distal colon sections were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. The samples were sliced into 4 μm thick sections, then deparaffinized in xylene and were rehydrated in a decreasing concentration gradient of ethanol and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Colonic morphology was visualized using light microscopy with Olympus image analysis software (Olympus America, Melville, NY, USA). Colonic damage was assessed as described previously (Xiao et al., 2013 (link)). Briefly, each colon was scored considering (1) the severity of inflammation (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe); (2) the extent of inflammation (0, none; 1, mucosa; 2, mucosa and submucosa; 3, transmural); and (3) crypt damage (0, none; 1, 1/3 damaged; 2, 2/3 damaged; 3, crypt loss but surface epithelium present; 4, both crypt and surface epithelium lost). Scores were then added, resulting in a total histological score that ranged from 0 to 10.
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7

Ultrastructural Analysis of Mouse Heart Mitochondria

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For TEM, epoxy resin inclusion was performed by fixing hearts with 2% glutaraldehyde, in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 7.2, washed with cacodylate buffer containing 0.1 M sucrose, and post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer. After washing with water and dehydration with ethanol, samples were embedded in epoxy resin. Ultrathin slides (60 nm) were finally stained with 2% uranyl acetate before viewing by TEM using a Jeol JEM1010 microscope (Jeol, Akishima, Tokio, Japan) at 60 kV. Images were acquired with a digital camera AMTR×80 with Olympus Image Analysis Software (Olympus, Shinjuku, Tokio, Japan). Quantitative analyses of mitochondrial size and density were carried out at a magnification of ×1200, ×3000 and ×6000. An average of fifteen visual fields was evaluated for each mouse heart.
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8

Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy of Cells

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Cells were imaged using both fluorescence and confocal microscopy. An Olympus digital light/fluorescence microscopy system (Olympus, Japan) was used to capture fluorescence images. A HBO lamp with a 450 – 550nm band pass filter was used for excitation and a 650nm long pass filter for detection. These images were analysed using image analysis software (Soft Imaging System GmbH, Munster, Germany). Confocal images were captured using a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope (Zeiss GmbH, Germany). A 548nm Argon laser was used for excitation and a 650nm long pass filter for detection.
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9

Testicular Morphometry and Histology

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Testis weights and volume were measured from control and treated groups. A standard calliper was used to measure testis width and length. The testes were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin for routine histological preparations of slides by haematoxylin–eosin (H–E) staining method. The testes sections (5 μm) were examined under an optical microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at 200× magnification and microphotographed with a digital camera (DP71, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The thickness of the germinal layer of seminiferous tubules, diameter of seminiferous tubules, number and morphology of Leydig cells were evaluated by Image analysis Software (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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10

TUNEL Assay for Apoptosis Detection

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DNA cleavage was assessed by enzymatic end-labeling of DNA strand breaks using a In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, deparaffinized slides were washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 and 0.1% sodium citrate for 2 min at 41°C; after rinsing, slides were incubated with 50 ml of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)- mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction mixture, containing TdT- and FITC-labeled dUTP, in a humidified atmosphere for 1 h at 37°C in the dark. Afterwards, slides were rinsed and mounted in antifade solution and images were captured as above with a FITC (TUNEL) filter. The percentages of apoptotic human cells in tumoral sections were evaluated by morphometric analysis carried out on 10 cross reactions from each experimental group, 5 cases per group, using Image Analysis Software (Olympus Italia).
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