All non-drug chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Solvents were purchased from Acros organics (Morris Plains, NJ). All drugs were purchased from LC-Laboratories (Woburn, MA), except glibenclamide, glimepiride, and cyclosporine which were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, TAK632 from AdooQ Bioscience (Irvine, CA), and talazoparib, fulvestrant, venetoclax, selumetinib, and taselisib from Selleckchem (Houston, TX).
Glimepiride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Glimepiride is a synthetic sulfonylurea used in the management of type 2 diabetes. It is a white to yellowish-white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. Glimepiride functions by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells and increasing the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Glibenclamide, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Gliclazide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Glipizide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Taselisib, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions)
Talazoparib, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions)
Fulvestrant, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions)
Venetoclax, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions)
Selumetinib, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions)
Non drug chemicals, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tak632, by Adooq (2 mentions)
Cyclosporine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rosiglitazone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Diazoxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rotiszint eco plus, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Gf c filters, by Brandel Inc (2 mentions)
3h glibenclamide, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Mwxr 96 ti harvester, by Brandel Inc (2 mentions)
Packard microbeta scintillation counter, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
22 protocols using glimepiride
1
Chemical Procurement for Research
2
Protein-Ligand Binding Interactions Study
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Alternariol (AOH) was obtained from Cfm Oskar Tropitzsch (Marktredwitz, Germany). Racemic warfarin (WAR), naproxen (NAP), human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), porcine serum albumin (PSA), rat serum albumin (RSA), glimepiride (GLIM), furosemide (FUR), bilirubin (BIL), phenylbutazone (PBut), indomethacin (IME), racemic ibuprofen (IBU) and S-camptothecin (CPT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary). Ethinylestradiol (EE) was purchased from Serva (Budapest, Hungary). Spectroscopic grade ethanol (96%), as well as HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from VWR (Budapest, Hungary). Stock solutions of AOH (5000 μM), bilirubin (500 μM), methyl orange (2000 μM), and glimepiride (2000 μM) were prepared in spectroscopic grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Fluka, Bucharest, Romania). Stock solutions of indomethacin and ethinylestradiol (both 2000 μM), as well as ibuprofen, furosemide, phenylbutazone, and naproxen (each 2500 μM) were prepared in ethanol (96%, spectroscopic grade). The applied amounts of organic solvents did not affect significantly the fluorescence measurements (tested in each spectroscopic model). All stock solutions were stored at −20 °C, and protected from light.
3
Murine High-Fat Diet Model with Drug Treatments
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8-week-old male C57Bl/6N mice were fed a HFD (60% energy from fat; Ssniff HFD: EF D12492, #E15741–347) for 16 weeks. Mice were maintained at the Haus für experimentelle Therapie, University Hospital Bonn, or at the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, during experiments on a daily cycle of 12 h light (06:00 to 18:00) and 12 h darkness (18:00 to 06:00), at 23 ± 1 °C, and were allowed free access to chow and water. Health status was checked frequently and included determination of body weight, observation of unprovoked behavior and responses to external stimuli, as well as assessment of physical appearance. HFD mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice daily with 10 mg/kg glimepiride, glibenclamide, rosiglitazone (all Sigma–Aldrich) dissolved in EtOH 10%, PEG 40%, H2O 50% or vehicle alone for 6 days. Studies including pharmacokinetics were performed 1 h after the last dose or after overnight starving. All animal experiments have been approved by the local authority Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, NRW, Germany (reference: 84–02.04.2014.A202).
4
Sulfonylureas Modulate Tubular Cell Apoptosis
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Antibodies in the study were from the following sources: anti-Bcl-2 and anti-Bax (polyclonal) from Proteintech Group(Chicago, IL), anti-LC3(Mono) from Cell Signaling Technology(Beverly, MA), anti-β-actin from Sigma(St. Louis, MO). All secondary antibodies (polyclonal) were from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc. (West Grove, PA). Glibenclamide, glimepiride, gliclazide and diazoxide (DZ, a KATP channel opener) were all purchased from Sigma (St. Louis. MO, U.S.A). They were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at − 80 °C until use. Solutions of SUs as well as DZ were prepared fresh each day. Controls were performed in the presence of appropriate concentration of solvent (DMSO). Unless indicated, other reagents were from Sigma (St. Louis. MO).
To investigate the effects of the three SUs in HG-induced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, the HK-2 cells were treated with these SUs for 24 h prior to exposure to 30 mM glucose for 24 h. To further investigate the role of KATP channels in this process, the HK-2 cells were treated with 100uM DZ for 24 h prior to exposure to SUs and 30 mM glucose.
To investigate the effects of the three SUs in HG-induced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, the HK-2 cells were treated with these SUs for 24 h prior to exposure to 30 mM glucose for 24 h. To further investigate the role of KATP channels in this process, the HK-2 cells were treated with 100uM DZ for 24 h prior to exposure to SUs and 30 mM glucose.
5
Antibodies and Cell Reagents for Prion Research
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KA, glimepiride and phospholipase C were purchased from Sigma (Poole Dorset, UK). Fluoro-Jade B was from Millipore (Billerica, MA), SYBR green (Applied Biosystems, USA) and WST−1 reagents were from Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Lipofectamine plus was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). The following antibodies were used in this study: Anti-PrP SAF61 mouse monoclonal antibody (1:1000 diluted) antibody was from Spi-Bio (Cayman Chemical, Massy, France) and anti-PrP 6H4 mouse monoclonal antibody (1:5000 diluted western blotting and 1:250 immunocytochemistry) antibody was from Prionics (Schlieren, Switzerland). Mouse monoclonal antibody anti-tubulin (1:10000 diluted) was from Sigma (Poole Dorset, UK) and rabbit-raised polyclonal antibody against GFAP (1:500 diluted) was from Millipore (Billerica, MA).
6
Adipogenesis Modulation in Human and Murine Preadipocytes
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Human primary preadipocytes prepared from liposuction material were obtained from PromoCell and differentiated as previously described [10 ]. In brief, cells were expanded in growth medium (PromoCell) and differentiation (day 0) was initiated by switching for three days to differentiation medium (PromoCell). Thereafter, the cells were cultured in nutrition medium (PromoCell) containing glibenclamide, glimepiride, rosiglitazone or SR1664 (all Sigma–Aldrich) dissolved in DMSO until day 21 if not otherwise stated. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Invitrogen) and 10% fetal bovine serum. Differentiation was induced as previously reported [29 (link)]. glibenclamide, glimepiride, rosiglitazone or SR1664 were added to culture media from induction of differentiation on (day 0) until day 7 if not otherwise stated. Human (Sigma–Aldrich) or murine (Miltenyi Biotec) tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were dissolved in water and added to culture media as indicated.
7
Preparation and Use of Antidiabetic Drugs
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Tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride were prepared following steps: (A) 1 g of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone was dissolved in 0.5 ml of ethanol plus 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol 400. (B) Separately, 100 mg of sodium carboxymethylcellulose was dissolved in 9 ml of distilled water. (C) Finally, Solution (A) and Solution (B) were vigorously mixed. This solution (PEC) excluding Tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride were used as vehicle control. All drugs were prepared just before use. Blood glucose meter, lancing device and strips were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Accu-Chek Performa, Germany).
8
Characterization of Drug-Transporter Interactions
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Enalapril maleate was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Enalaprilat, gemfibrozil, telmisartan, repaglinide, glimepiride, febuxostat, valsartan, and diclofenac sodium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA) and trypsin was from Genom (Hangzhou, China). Twenty four-well plates biocoated with poly-D-lysine was obtained from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Hanks’ balance salt solution (HBSS) containing 1.3 mM CaCl2, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 0.4 mM MgSO4, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.4 mM KH2PO4, 137 mM NaCl, 4.2 mM NaHCO3, 0.3 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM HEPES, and 5 mM D-glucose was prepared in house. All other reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade or of the highest quality available commercially.
9
Radioligand Binding Assay for SUR1 in HEK293t Cells
10
Radioligand Binding Assay for SUR1 Receptors
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SUR1-expressing HEK293t cells were harvested and washed twice in assaying buffer containing in mM: 119 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, mM CaCl2, 1.2 KH2PO4, 1.2 MgSO4, 5 NaHCO3 and 20 HEPES, pH 7.4. In a 96-well plate, ~200,000 cells per well were incubated for 50 min with [3H]-glibenclamide (PerkinElmer) and different concentrations of glimepiride (Sigma-Aldrich) or JB253. Incubation was terminated by rapid filtration through Whatman GF/C filters by means of a Brandel MWXR-96 TI harvester and filters were washed three times with ice-cold assay buffer. Radioactivity was counted 6 h after cell and filter lysis in 200 μl Rotiszint EcoPlus (Roth) using a Packard microbeta scintillation counter (PerkinElmer).
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