Flavone

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Flavone is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a flavonoid compound used as a chemical reagent in various analytical and research applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

24 protocols using flavone

Standardized Flavonoid Quantification Protocol

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Chromatographic-grade acetonitrile, acetic acid and methanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The water used as milliQ water was purified using a Millipore purification system (Millipore Corporation). The internal standard lidocaine was purchased from Shanghai New Asiatic Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd (www.xinyapharm.com/). All standard compounds, including C-glycosylflavonoids, flavone, O-glycosylflavonoids and polymethoxylated flavonoids (Supplementary Table S3), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html). All flavonoid standards were dissolved in methanol-dimethyl sulfoxide (50:50, v/v) and stored at −20 °C in darkness.

Wang S., Yang C., Tu H., Zhou J., Liu X., Cheng Y., Luo J., Deng X., Zhang H, & Xu J. (2017). Characterization and Metabolic Diversity of Flavonoids in Citrus Species. Scientific Reports, 7, 10549.

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Evaluation of Phytochemical Inhibitors

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All phytochemicals (baicalein, Cat# 465119 (>98%); flavone, Cat# F2003 (>99%); genistein, Cat# G6776 (~98%); α-naphthoflavone, Cat# N5757 (>98%); luteolin, Cat# L9283 (>98%); naringenin, Cat# N5893 (>95%); quercetin, Cat# Q0125 (>98%); resveratrol, Cat# R5010 (>99%); chrysin, Cat# C80105 (>97%); hesperetin, Cat# W431300 (>95%); and isoliquiritigenin, Cat# I3766 (>98%)) were obtained from Sigma Chemical (St Louis, MO, USA). The impurities of the phytochemicals could be a confounding factor. Kinase inhibitors, including SB203580 (Cat# 559389, Merck), H-89 (Cat# 371963, Merck), Compound C (Cat# 171260, Merck), Bisindolylmaleimide I (Cat# 203290, Merck), pAKT inhibitor (Cat# 124011, Merck) and U0126 (Cat# 662005, Merck), were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). LY333531 (Cat# sc-364215) and HBDDE (Cat# sc-202174) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). SP600125 (Cat# S5567) and all other chemicals, if not stated, were acquired from Sigma Chemicals (St Louis, MO, USA).

Wong T.Y., Lin S.M, & Leung L.K. (2015). The Flavone Luteolin Suppresses SREBP-2 Expression and Post-Translational Activation in Hepatic Cells. PLoS ONE, 10(8), e0135637.

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Anti-Parasitic Drug Screening Protocol

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Praziquantel (PZQ), 4-phenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carbonile-2-oxide (OXA), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), flavone (Flav), and flubendazole (FBZ) were purchased from Merck Sigma-Aldrich (Lisboa, Sigma), resveratrol (Resv) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Heidelberg, Germany), artesunate (AS), vandetanib (VDT), curcumin (Curc), and melatonin (Mel) from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), and the dipeptide H-L-tryptophan-L-serine-OH (H-Trp-Ser-OH, DiPept) from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). The culture medium RPMI 1640 and supplements including penicillin (10.000 U/mL)/streptomycin (10 mg/mL) were from Merck Sigma-Aldrich and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). For in vitro assays, stock solutions of 2-5 mg/mL were freshly prepared in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich) and stored at 4°C. These stock solutions were diluted in fresh culture medium before its addition to the well-containing adult worms.

Gouveia M.J., Brindley P.J., Gärtner F, & Vale N. (2020). Activity of Combinations of Antioxidants and Anthelmintic Drugs against the Adult Stage of Schistosoma mansoni. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2020, 8843808.

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Evaluation of Anesthetic Compounds

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Nobiletin, tangeretin, sinensetin, 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone, flavone, solutol (Kolliphor® HS 15) and pentobarbital sodium salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 3’,4’,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Midazolam, ketamine and fentanyl were obtained from Pfizer Inc. (NY, NY, USA). Propofol was obtained from Fresenius Kabi (Lake Zurich, IL, USA). Isoflurane was purchased from Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA). The total volume of all administered drugs was 0.5 ml.

Oyama Y., Bartman C.M., Gile J., Sehrt D, & Eckle T. (2018). The circadian PER2 enhancer Nobiletin reverses the deleterious effects of midazolam in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Current pharmaceutical design, 24(28), 3376-3383.

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Transcriptomic Response of H. zea to Xenobiotics

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A laboratory colony of H. zea, generously provided by Dr. May R. Berenbaum (Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), was maintained in an insectary kept at 28 °C with a photoperiod of 16 h light: 8 h dark on a semi-synthetic control diet containing wheat germ [25 ]. Induction treatments were performed as described by Li et al. [9 (link)]. The analytical grade plant allelochemicals, xanthotoxin, chlorogenic acid, indole-3-carbinol, flavone, rutin, gossypol, 2-tridecanone, quercetin, coumarin and plant signal molecules jasmonate and salicylate, used in this study, were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) (Figure 1). In brief, 30 newly molted 5th instar larvae were allowed to feed on control diets or control diets containing 0.1% plant xenobiotics for 48 h. Three independent biological replicates of the control diet or each plant xenobiotic treated diet were prepared for subsequent RNA extraction. Midguts and fat bodies were then dissected out, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for subsequent RNA extraction.

Li S., Chen S., Xie X., Dong S, & Li X. (2021). Identification of Wild-Type CYP321A2 and Comparison of Allelochemical-Induced Expression Profiles of CYP321A2 with Its Paralog CYP321A1 in Helicoverpa zea. Insects, 12(1), 75.

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Quantification of Bioactive Polyphenols

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Caffeic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, amento flavone, ferulic acid, quercetin and flavone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA), and used as external standards, after recrystallization in ≥99.9% HPLC-grade methanol. The purities of all standards were confirmed by HPLC to be >99%. All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade, and were obtained from Duksan Pure Chemical Co., Ltd.

Kim S.M., Lee S.J., Saralamma V.V., Ha S.E., Vetrivel P., Desta K.T., Choi J.Y., Lee W.S., Shin S.C, & Kim G.S. (2019). Polyphenol mixture of a native Korean variety of Artemisia argyi H. (Seomae mugwort) and its anti-inflammatory effects. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 44(5), 1741-1752.

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Cytokine Stimulation of LAKs

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LAKs were harvested and plated at a concentration of 1-2.5×10⁶ cells/ml on 96 well plates (BD Biosciences). The cells were cultured in complete RPMI (or complete IMDM where indicated). LAKs were stimulated with a concentration of 5ng/ml IL-12 (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) unless otherwise stated, 2000U/ml proleukin, 30μM CH-223191 (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany), 0.625μM flavone (Sigma), 0.31μM α-napthoflavone (Sigma), 300nM FICZ (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY), or DMSO (Sigma) as a vehicle control. After 48 hours, supernatants were collected and levels of IL-10 or IFN-γ were assayed by ELISA. For analysis of IL-10/GFP expression, cells were surface stained and run on a FACSCanto II (BD Biosciences). For analysis of IL-10 production from NK cells from infected mice, DX5⁺ NK 1.1⁺CD3^- cells were sorted from spleens. The purified NK cells were plated at a concentration of 2×10⁶ cells/ml on 96 well plates, stimulated for 48 hours with 50ng/ml PMA and 1μM ionomycin, and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA.

Wagage S., John B., Krock B.L., Hall A.O., Randall L.M., Karp C.L., Simon M.C, & Hunter C.A. (2014). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes IL-10 production by natural killer cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 192(4), 1661-1670.

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Antioxidant Compound Extraction and Analysis

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Gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, flavone, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), and the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 were supplied by Extrasynthese (Genay, France). All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade unless specified.

Peng Y., Bishop K.S, & Quek S.Y. (2019). Extraction Optimization, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profiling of Extracts from Flesh, Peel and Whole Fruit of New Zealand Grown Feijoa Cultivars. Antioxidants, 8(5), 141.

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Cellular Stimulation Protocols

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The following chemicals and concentrations were used for stimulation: human recombinant VEGF-A 165 (R&D Systems, 293-VE, 30 ng/mL), ACF (A8126, Sigma-Aldrich), acridine (A23609, Sigma-Aldrich), acridine orange base (235474, Sigma-Aldrich), acridine-9-carboxaldehyde (775525, Sigma-Aldrich), 9-aminoacridine (A7295, Sigma-Aldrich), (S)-(+)-CPT (C9911, Sigma-Aldrich), DOX (15,007, Cayman), flavone (F2003, Sigma-Aldrich), quercetin (PHR1488, Sigma-Aldrich), and acridine yellow G (199,508, Sigma-Aldrich).

Seredinski S., Boos F., Günther S., Oo J.A., Warwick T., Izquierdo Ponce J., Lillich F.F., Proschak E., Knapp S., Gilsbach R., Pflüger-Müller B., Brandes R.P, & Leisegang M.S. (2022). DNA topoisomerase inhibition with the HIF inhibitor acriflavine promotes transcription of lncRNAs in endothelial cells. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids, 27, 1023-1035.

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Polymer Blends with Natural Antioxidants

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The object of the research was to study polymer blends based on polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (P(3.4 HB) contained selected natural antioxidants. Polylactide (PLA), Ingeo 4043D, was obtained from NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA). This material with a density of 1.25 g/cm³ is characterized by glass transition of about 55–60 °C. The melting point of this polymer is 145–160 °C and the melt flow index equals 6 g/10 min. Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (P(3.4 HB)) containing 12 mol% 4-hydroxybutyrate was obtained from Simag Holdings LTD (Hong Kong, China). The density of this polymer is 1.25 g/cm³, its melt flow index equals 18 g/10 min and the melting point is 170 °C. Different natural antioxidants, including lignin (alkali, low sulfonate content lignin, kraft, pH: 10.5 (3 wt %)), flavone (M_w = 222.24 g/mol, mp: 94–97 °C, ≥99.0%) and trans-chalcone (M_w = 208.26 g/mol, mp: 55–57 °C, 97%), used as stabilizers, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MI, USA).

Olejnik O., Masek A, & Kiersnowski A. (2020). Thermal Analysis of Aliphatic Polyester Blends with Natural Antioxidants. Polymers, 12(1), 74.

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