Prazosin hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, France

Prazosin hydrochloride is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. Prazosin hydrochloride is commonly used in research applications, but its specific core function is not provided in order to maintain an unbiased and factual approach.

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Lab products found in correlation

46 protocols using prazosin hydrochloride

Pharmacological Manipulation of Neurochemicals

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The following drugs were kept at −20°C as stock solutions and dissolved in aCSF to their final concentrations on the day of experiments: L-(−)-norepinephrine (+)-bitartrate salt monohydrate (NE, 10-100 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, shielded from light exposure during preparation, storage and application), picrotoxin (PTX, 50 μM, Tocris), prazosin hydrochloride (10 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), (R)-(−)-phenylephrine hydrochloride (100 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), yohimbine hydrochloride (20 μM, Tocris), tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM, Tocris), TNP-ATP triethylammonium salt (10 μM, Tocris), pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4’-disulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PPADS, 100 μM, Tocris).
Fluorocitric acid (FCA, Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared on the day of experiments with DL-fluorocitric acid barium salt (Paulsen et al., 1987 (link)) dissolved in 1 mL of 0.1 M HCl. Two-to-three drops of 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ was added to precipitate the Ba²⁺, after which 2 mL of 0.1 M Na₂HPO₄ was added and the suspension was centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min. The supernatant was added to the aCSF to achieve a concentration of 100 μM.

Chen C., Jiang Z., Fu X., Yu D., Huang H, & Tasker J.G. (2019). Astrocytes Amplify Neuronal Dendritic Volume Transmission Stimulated by Norepinephrine. Cell reports, 29(13), 4349-4361.e4.

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Neurochemical Assay Protocol

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The following drugs and chemicals were used in this study: Fluoxetine hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, (±) sulpiride, DL para-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), p-nitroso-N, N-dimethylaniline and baclofen (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, Tris, EDTA disodium salt AR, sucrose, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, creatinine sulphate monohydrate (Hi Media laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), dimethyl sulfoxide (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India), acetic acid, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, gum acacia, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, Tween-20 (CDH Ltd., New Delhi), total protein measurement kit (Coral Industries Ltd., India).

Valecha R, & Dhingra D. (2016). Behavioral and Biochemical Evidences for Antidepressant-Like Activity of Celastrus Paniculatus Seed Oil in Mice. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 7(1), 49-56.

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Kidney Imaging in Anaesthetized Rats

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Eight male Sprague Dawley rats were scanned; seven were included in the results (see exclusion criteria below). Physiological data on the rats are found in Supplementary Table S1. Initial anaesthetization was performed in a chamber supplied with 5% isoflurane (Vetflurane, 1000 mg/g, Virbac, Carros, France) in 65% nitrogen/35% oxygen, followed by tracheotomy, tube insertion, and ventilation with a 7025 Rodent Ventilator (Ugo Basile, Gemonio, Italy; 69 breaths/min). Subsequently, 1–2% isoflurane maintained the anesthesia. Two catheters were inserted in the left jugular vein: one for infusion of the muscle relaxant, Nimbex (0.85 mg/mL, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK, 20 µL/min) and injection of prazosin hydrochloride (0.1 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and one for infusion of SonoVue (Bracco, Milan, Italy). A catheter in the right carotid artery was connected to a Gould Statham P23-dB pressure transducer (Gould, CA, USA), continuously recording the mean arterial pressure (MAP). The rats lay on a heating table (~37 °C) and laparotomy exposed the left kidney. A metal retractor on the left side of the diaphragm reduced respiratory motion transferred to the kidney.

Andersen S.B., Taghavi I., Søgaard S.B., Hoyos C.A., Nielsen M.B., Jensen J.A, & Sørensen C.M. (2022). Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging Can Quantify Alterations in Microbubble Velocities in the Renal Vasculature of Rats. Diagnostics, 12(5), 1111.

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Peribulbar Injection for Myopia Modulation

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Atropine sulfate monohydrate (≥97%) (Stanford Chemicals, Eugene, OR, USA) and prazosin (prazosin hydrochloride; Sigma-Aldrich, Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in normal saline solution. Apomorphine (Tocris, Glasgow, UK) was dissolved in sterilized injection water with 0.01% ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) added as an antioxidant. Before peribulbar injection, topical anesthesia was administered with one drop of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride (Alcon, Puurs, Belgium) after removal of the facemask. The injection took about 10 seconds, and the facemask used for form deprivation was then reset over the eye. Each drug (100 µL solution with 1 mg atropine, 750 ng Apomorphine, or 383 ng prazosin) was injected using a 26-gauge needle (0.45 × 16 mm), connected to a 1-mL syringe cannula (Shanghai Kindly Medical Devices Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China), that was gently inserted into the inferior peribulbar space. Form-deprivation right eyes of animals in the control groups were injected with the respective solvent (100 µL). The right eyes of all animals were injected while the left eyes remained untreated. All injections were performed daily (about 9:00 AM) under dim red light during the two weeks of form deprivation.

Zhou X., Zhang S., Zhang G., Chen Y., Lei Y., Xiang J., Xu R., Qu J, & Zhou X. (2020). Increased Choroidal Blood Perfusion Can Inhibit Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 61(13), 25.

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Molecular Mechanisms of Adrenergic Signaling

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(−)-Adrenaline bitartrate, (−)-isoprenaline hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, yohimbine hydrochloride, (±)-propranolol, α-methylDOPA, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/F-12 supplemented with NaHCO₃, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium with NaHCO₃ and stable L-glutamine, epidermal growth factor, human insulin, hydrocortisone, ICI 118,551, penicillin/streptomycin and HPLC-ECD standards from the highest purity available, were from Sigma-Aldrich (Sintra, Portugal). ITaq^TM Universal SYBR Green supermix was from Biorad (Amadora, Portugal). Foetal bovine serum was from Biochrom and L-glutamine was from Gibco (Biotecnómica, São Mamede, Portugal).
Goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (a11029) and mouse monoclonal anti-phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (MA5-25530) were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Loures, Portugal). Rabbit polyclonal anti-β₂-adrenoceptor (13096-1-AP) was from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL, USA). Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 594 (ab150092) and rabbit monoclonal anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (ab137869) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (sc-2004) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Frilabo, Maia, Portugal).

Amaro F., Silva D., Reguengo H., Oliveira J.C., Quintas C., Vale N., Gonçalves J, & Fresco P. (2020). β-Adrenoceptor Activation in Breast MCF-10A Cells Induces a Pattern of Catecholamine Production Similar to that of Tumorigenic MCF-7 Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(21), 7968.

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Sympathomimetic drugs and cardiovascular effects

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Apart from the anaesthetic (sodium pentobarbital), the drugs used in the present study were: isometheptene racemate (Carnick Laboratories, Cedar Knolls, NJ, USA); (R)-isometheptene and (S)-isometheptene (Tonix Pharmaceuticals Inc., New York, NY, USA); prazosin hydrochloride, rauwolscine hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride and reserpine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) All compounds were dissolved in physiological saline with the exception of reserpine, which was dissolved in 5% (w/v) ascorbic acid. A short period of heating was needed to dissolve prazosin. These vehicles had no significant effects on baseline heart rate or diastolic blood pressure, as previously reported by our group [3 (link)]. The doses mentioned in the text refer to the free base of substances in all cases.

Labastida-Ramírez A., Rubio-Beltrán E., Hernández-Abreu O., Daugherty B.L., MaassenVanDenBrink A, & Villalón C.M. (2017). Pharmacological analysis of the increases in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure produced by (S)-isometheptene and (R)-isometheptene in pithed rats. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 18(1), 52.

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Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists in Behavioral Tests

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Prazosin hydrochloride (PRZ, α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist dissolved in 0.9% saline; 1 mg/kg i.p.; Sigma Aldrich, MO), idazoxan hydrochloride (α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist dissolved in 0.9% saline; 2 mg/kg i.p.; Sigma Aldrich, MO), propranolol hydrochloride (β-adrenergic receptor antagonist dissolved in 0.9% saline; 10 mg/kg i.p.; Sigma-Aldrich, MO), or 0.9% saline as control condition were injected intraperitoneally 30 min before the 2AFC, open field test and water intake measurement. Drugs doses were those used in previous studies [20 (link)–22 (link)]. IDA and PRP were tested for seven rats, and PRZ for six rats.

Mizuyama R., Soma S., Suemastu N, & Shimegi S. (2016). Noradrenaline Improves Behavioral Contrast Sensitivity via the β-Adrenergic Receptor. PLoS ONE, 11(12), e0168455.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Neuronal Activity

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For pharmacological experiments, reagents were dissolved in ACSF and applied on the cranial window from 30 min preceding imaging. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 2 μM, Tocris) was used to block sodium channel. DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5, 50 μM, Tocris) and 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX, 20 μM, Tocris) were used to block NMDA-type and AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, respectively. Prazosin hydrochloride (200 μM, Sigma–Aldrich) was used to block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (A1ARs).

Ma Z., Du X., Wang F., Ding R., Li Y., Liu A., Wei L., Hou S., Chen F., Hu Q., Guo C., Jiao Q., Liu S., Fang B, & Shen H. (2019). Cortical Plasticity Induced by Anodal Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation Investigated by Combining Two-Photon Imaging and Electrophysiological Recording. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13, 400.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Neurological Pathways

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The following drugs were used: L-DOPA (50 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), methamphetamine (METH; 1 mg/kg; Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Osaka, Japan), haloperidol (1 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), clozapine (5 and 10 mg/kg; Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, ON, Canada), 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 1 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), ritanserin (3 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), prazosin hydrochloride (1 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), pyrilamine maleate salt (20 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), clonidine (0.1 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), oxotremorine-M (0.1 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich), donepezil hydrochloride (3 mg/kg, Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan), and ziprasidone hydrochloride monohydrate (3 mg/kg; Toronto Research Chemicals). L-DOPA was prepared as 1.4 mg/ml in a 2.5 mg/ml ascorbic acid solution dissolved in saline. Methamphetamine, 8-OH-DPAT, pyrilamine, clonidine, and oxotremorine-M were dissolved in saline. haloperidol and ritanserin were dissolved in 0.8% lactic acid. clozapine was dissolved in a minimum amount of 0.1 N HCl and diluted to the required doses with saline. Prazosin and donepezil were dissolved in water. Ziprasidone was prepared as a suspension in aqueous Tween-80 (1% v/v in distilled water). L-DOPA was administered i.p. in a volume of 35 ml/kg, and the other drugs were administered s.c. in a volume of 10 ml/kg.

Hagino Y., Kasai S., Fujita M., Setogawa S., Yamaura H., Yanagihara D., Hashimoto M., Kobayashi K., Meltzer H.Y, & Ikeda K. (2014). Involvement of Cholinergic System in Hyperactivity in Dopamine-Deficient Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1141-1150.

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Pharmacological Regulation of Zebrafish Sleep

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Prazosin hydrochloride (P7791, Sigma–Aldrich), clonidine hydrochloride (C7897, Sigma–Aldrich) and bopindolol malonate (SC-200144, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, United States) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 4948-02, Macron Chemicals, Center Valley, PA, United States) and added to E3 medium for a final concentration of 0.1% DMSO and 100 μM prazosin, 5 μM clonidine or 20 μM bopindolol. At these concentrations, we observed robust behavioral phenotypes without apparent toxicity or abnormal responses to a gentle stimulus. Controls were exposed to 0.1% DMSO alone. For sleep/wake experiments drugs were added during the evening of the fourth day of development and recording was performed from the beginning of day 5 until the end of night 6. For arousal experiments, drugs were added in the afternoon of day 5, and experiments were performed during night 5 (12:30 am to 7:30 am).

Singh C., Oikonomou G, & Prober D.A. (2015). Norepinephrine is required to promote wakefulness and for hypocretin-induced arousal in zebrafish. eLife, 4, e07000.

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