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9 protocols using fluorescently labeled antibodies

1

Generation of CTLA-4-CD28 Fusion Protein

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Full length human CD28 cDNA (originally provided by C. Thompson MD, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York) was cloned into the GFP-RV vector (provided by K. Murphy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO) and single point mutations made using the Q5 Site Directed Mutagenesis Kit (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) A CTLA-4-CD28 fusion protein was constructed consisting of the extracellular domain of murine CTLA-4 (amino acids 1-162) and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of human CD28 (amino acids 152-219). All constructs were verified by direct sequencing. Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) expressing IAd (gift from Dr K. Murphy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO) were stably transfected with plasmids expressing either human CD80 or CD86 (Sino Biologicals, China). PlatinumE (PlatE) packaging cell line and the retroviral packaging vector pCMV-10A1 were kindly provided by Dr. T. Egawa (Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO).
Fluorescently labeled antibodies were purchased from Biolegend (San Diego, CA) unless otherwise stated. CTLA4Ig was purchased from BioXcell (West Lebanon, NH) and human CD80Ig and CD86Ig were purchased from ACRObiosystems (Newark, DE).
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2

Flow cytometry analysis of Treg cells

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Single cell suspensions from peripheral blood, renal lymph nodes (LN) and spleen were prepared as before and analyzed for cell surface markers and intracellular Foxp3 expression by flow cytometry using fluorescently labeled antibodies (BioLegend and eBiosciences) (14 (link),20 (link)). For intracellular cytokine analysis, single cell suspensions were stimulated ex vivo for 5 hours with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 20ng/ml) and ionomycin (1μg/ml) in the presence of 1μM monensin (all from Sigma, USA). Gated CD4+ T cells were analyzed with a 5-color upgraded (Cytek Development) FACScan™ (BD Biosciences) equipped with CellQuest™ and Rainbow™ software for data acquisition. The data was analyzed using FlowJo™ software (FlowJo LLC).
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3

T Cell Activation and Expansion Protocol

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Primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA). KOD polymerase master mix and polybrene were purchased from EMD Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Sequencing was performed by Retrogen Inc (San Diego, CA). Fluorescently labeled antibodies and 7-AAD for flow cytometry were purchased from Biolegend (San Diego, CA), eBioscience (San Diego, CA), or Beckman Coulter (Brea, CA). Peptides were purchased from Anaspec Inc (Fremont, CA) or Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Anti-CD3 (OKT3) and anti-CD28 (CD28.2) activating antibodies were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA). Short-dated Proleukin was provided by Prometheus Laboratories Inc (San Diego, CA) through an investigator-initiated trial program. All other cytokines were purchased from Peprotech, Inc. (Rocky Hill, NJ). Concanavalin A was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). RetroNectin was purchased from Clontech Laboratories (Mountain View, CA). BioT transfection reagent was purchased from Bioland Scientific (Paramount, CA). Cell culture media, antibiotics, and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Corning (Corning, NY). Human AB serum was purchased from Omega Scientific (Tarzana, CA). Peptides were purchased from Anaspec (San Jose, CA).
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4

Modulation of CD8+ T-cell Cytokine Secretion by SERCA Inhibitors

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Example 2

CD8+ T-cells were isolated from human PBMCs using negative magnetic bead selection (Stemcell Technologies). Cells stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads (Life Technologies) and were treated with different SERCA inhibitors: thapsigargin (1.5 μM), cyclopiazonic acid (3 μM), and NS-1619 (30-100 μM). All incubations were done overnight. Subsequent activation was measured by cytokine release using intracellular staining flow cytometry of IFNγ and TNFα, using fluorescently labeled antibodies (Biolegend).

Secretion of the inflammatory cytokine, IFNγ, was increased by CD8+ T cells with the addition of each of the different SERCA inhibitors, as shown in Table 17 below.

TABLE 17
SECRETION OF IFNγ FROM IMMUNE CELLS TREATED WITH
SERCA PUMP INHIBITORS
Fold Change % IFNγ+ Cells
(Normalized to Bead
SampleStimulated Only)
CD8+ T-Cell Bead Stimulated Only1
CD8+ T-Cell Bead Stimulated + 2.08
Thapsigargin 1.5 μM
CD8+ T-Cell Bead Stimulated + 2.38
Cyclopiazonic Acid 3 μM
CD8+ T-Cell Bead Stimulated + 1.1
NS-1619 30 μM
CD8+ T-Cell Bead Stimulated + 2.68
NS-1619 100 μM

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5

Multicolor Flow Cytometry of Immune Cell Subsets

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Cell surface staining was performed by incubating the investigated cellular fractions with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies in the dark on ice for 30 minutes before washing with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fixing with 10% Cell Fix (250 µL) (BD Biosciences, USA). A cocktail of fluorescently labeled antibodies (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA) containing anti-human CD3-FITC (clone HIT3a) and CD4-PE (clone RPA-T4); CD14-FITC (clone: 63D3), CD16-PE (clone: B73.1), and HLA-DR-APC (clone L243); or CD40-FITC (clone 5C3), CD206-PE (clone 15-2) and CD14-APC (clone M5E2) was used for staining. A minimum of 10,000 events were acquired on gated lymphocytes and monocytes on a BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, USA), and data were analyzed using FlowJo software following the gating strategy presented in Figure 2.
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6

Profiling Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells

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Tumor samples were disposed with Tumor Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec). Then single-cell suspensions from tumors were lysed to remove red blood cells using RBC Lysis/Fixtion Solution (BioLegend) and filtered through a 70 μm MACS SmartStrainer (Miltenyi Biotec). After that, the single-cell suspensions were incubated with fluorescently labeled antibodies (BioLegend) against CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8 and PD-1 at 4℃ for 45 min. For intracellular staining, cells were fixed and permeabilized, and then incubated with TIM-3 (BioLegend), TOX (eBioscience), TCF-1 (BD) at 4℃ for 6 h. Multicolor flow cytometry analysis was conducted with BD Fortessa flow cytometer. Expression level of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells was gated by its low controls of CD8+ T cells from spleen of untreated mice (PD-1low), high controls of cells stained by both anti-TOX and anti-PD-1(PD-1hi) and between them (PD-1int) [15 (link)] (Details are provided in the Supplementary Methods section). The proportion of early Tex (CD8+PD-1int) and terminal Tex (CD8+PD-1hi) in CD8+ T cells, the ratio of early to terminal Tex (E/T), and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells were further analyzed using FlowJo software (Treestar).
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7

Monocyte Purity Determination

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Cell purity was determined using a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur, BD Biosciences) with fluorescently labeled antibodies (BioLegend, San Diego, CA) against CD14 (monocytes) and CD41 (platelets) with isotype controls. Preparations contained 98–100% monocytes of all mononuclear cells and the contamination of platelets varied from 10 to 27 platelets/monocyte (Fig. 3). The cells were utilized within 1–6 hours and the viability was determined to be 91–100% with propidium iodide and trypan blue exclusion assays. Cell counts in blood samples and in monocyte preparations were performed either in a hemocytometer (at 400x) or with an ABX Pentra 60 analyzer (Horiba, Japan).
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8

Characterization of hADSCs by Flow Cytometry

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Third-generation hADSCs were collected and prepared into cell suspensions after cells reached 80%-90% confluence. Cells were divided into 6 flow tubes with the number of cells adjusted to 1 × 106 per tube, and the tubes were divided into the control group, CD34-PE group, CD45-FITC group, CD73-PE group, CD90-PE group, and CD105-PE group. Fluorescently labeled antibodies (Biolegend, USA) were added to each group except the control group. The samples were incubated at room temperature in the dark, washed with PBS (Gibco, USA), resuspended in 500 μl of PBS, and then detected by flow cytometry.
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9

Comprehensive Immune Cell Profiling of Tumor Microenvironment

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Mice were euthanized and tissues (tumor, spleen, peritoneal sacral and lumbar lymph nodes, peritoneal fluid, and blood) were collected. Tumors were digested using MACS Mouse Tumor Dissociation Kit and the gentle MACS Octo Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec). Single cell suspensions from all organs were obtained using a 70 mm strainer. Red blood cells were lysed using RBC lysis buffer. Cell suspensions were stained with fluorescently labeled antibodies (BioLegend and BD Biosciences, see supplementary table of reagents), adding Brilliant Stain Buffer. For intracellular staining, cells were permeabilized and fixed using the Foxp3 fixation and permeabilization kit following manufacturer's instructions. For tetramer staining, samples were minimally processed prior to incubation with H-2Ld MuLV gp70 Tetramer-SPSYVYHQF antibody (MBL) and membrane antibodies. Dead cells were excluded using FVS780-fixable viability dye (BD Biosciences). Samples were analyzed using the Cytoflex LX flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter) and FlowJo was used to analyze the data.
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