Proteus analysis software

The thermal conductivity was measured by the laser flash analysis (LFA) with LFA447 (Netzsch Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany). Five shots were used with a duration of 30 ms each; the signal was fitted with the Proteus Analysis Software (Netzsch Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany) by the Cape–Lehman algorithm. The tested samples had a diameter of 12.7 mm. The laser flash analysis is the standard instrument for the determination of thermal transport properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers because of its convenience, short experiment times, and large measurement range [1 (link),9 (link)]. For the measurement of fiber direction, the laminates were cut, turned 90°, glued together, and the ends polished to achieve a plane surface. The density was measured with an AG245 (Mettler-Toledo International Inc., Columbus, OH, USA) by Archimedes’ principle. Thermal heat capacity was measured by DSC 1 (Mettler-Toledo International Inc., USA) according to ASTM E1269–11 [10 ] with a heating rate of 20 K/min.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed using a Netzsch DSC 204F1 Phoenix instrument (Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany). Directly after freeze-drying, 1–10 mg of freeze-dried sample was transferred into a 25-µL aluminum pan, sealed, weighed and placed in the DSC instrument. An empty pan was used as a reference sample. For analysis of glass transitions, samples were cooled to −20 °C followed by heating to 120 °C, cooling to −20 °C and heating to 150 °C; using a rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. The first scan was used to obtain a uniform sample, and actual glass transition temperatures (T_g values) were determined from the second heating scan using Netzsch Proteus Analysis software. The T_g was taken as the onset temperature of the glass transition.

The polymers and P4 were analyzed via modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). A 204 F1 Phoenix apparatus (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) equipped with an external cooling system and an automated sampling unit was used. Samples (5–10 mg each) were placed into aluminum pans, which were subsequently closed with pierced lids. Samples were heated from −60 to 150 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/min (0.53 °C amplitude, 40 s period), kept at this temperature for 5 min and thereafter, cooled to −60 °C with a cooling rate of −10 °C/min. The heating and cooling cycle were repeated. Nitrogen was used as the purge gas (flow rate of 50 mL/min). The obtained thermograms were analyzed with the Netzsch Proteus analysis software. The melting temperature (onset) of crystalline components and corresponding enthalpy of fusion were determined from the total heat flow signal. The glass transition temperature (T_g) was determined from the reversing heat flow signal. The crystallinity of the EVA polymers was calculated by Xcr (%) = ΔH/ΔH0, where ΔH is the enthalpy of fusion associated with the melting of the crystalline components of EVA and ΔH0 is the enthalpy of fusion of the pure polyethylene crystal (292.3 J/g) [19 (link)].

The thermal properties of native and HHP-treated starch samples were evaluated in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) instrument (DSC 204 Phoenix, Netzsch, Wittelsbacherstraße, Germany). Prior to experiments, DSC was calibrated for temperature and enthalpy using indium as a standard (T_m: 156.6 °C and ΔH_m: 28.45 J/g). For the analysis, 20 ± 0.01 mg of HHP-treated samples were placed in a 25 µL aluminum pan. Pans were hermetically sealed, and an empty pan was used as a reference. DSC measurements were carried out through an isothermal phase (25 °C for 3 min) and then scanned at a dynamic phase at 5 °C/min from 25 to 90 °C. Denaturation temperature (T_d) and denaturation enthalpy (ΔH_d) were estimated by measuring the area under the DSC transition curve with the manufacturer software Proteus Analysis Software (Version 4.2/3, Netzsch, Wittelsbacherstraße, Germany). All the DSC measurements were done in triplicate.
% of gelatinization was calculated using Equation (6) reported by Blaszczak et al. [51 (link)]: $\% Gel=\frac{\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{Hns}-\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{Hts}}{\mathsf{\Delta }\mathrm{Hns}} \times 100,$
where ΔH_ns and ΔH_ts were the gelatinization enthalpies of native and HHP-treated potato starch, respectively.

The thermal degradation temperatures of Cur and EPO were measured using a Pyris 1 thermogravimetric analyzer (PerKin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Approximately 10 mg of the sample was placed in a small aluminum pan and heated from 30 °C to 250 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. Nitrogen was used as a purge gas at a flow rate of 30 mL/min.
Thermal behavior was examined using a DSC (NETZSCH 200 F3 thermo gravimetrical analyzer, NETZSCH group, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany). In brief, 5 mg of powder sample was packed into an aluminum pan with a pinhole in the lid to remove moisture and was heated at rate of 10 °C/min from 30 °C to 210 °C. Nitrogen at the flow rate of 30 mL/min was used as a purge gas. NETZSCH Proteus analysis software was used to analyze the data. The results are shown in Figure 1.

ZnO-CNT 3D structures were characterized by DSC method using a DSC F3 Maia (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) equipment and DSC-TGA analysis using the Setaram Setsys Evolution device (Setaram Instrumentation, Caluire, France), in argon atmosphere.
DSC measurements were performed in perforated aluminum crucibles and heated up to 350 °C, with heating and cooling rate of 10 K/min. Experimental data processing was performed using Proteus Analysis software (Netzsch, Selb, Germany). In the case of DSC-TGA analysis, 3D samples were introduced in alumina crucibles and heated up to 350 °C, with heating and cooling rate of 10 K/min. Experimental data were processed with Calisto software v1.097 (Setaram Instrumentation, Caluire, France). Samples impregnated with inorganic salts were subjected to 5 successive heating-cooling cycles in argon gas, in the temperature range 20–350 °C, by DSC and DSC-TGA methods, respectively.
The upper limit of 350 °C has been set knowing that boiling point is 380 °C for sodium nitrate and 400 °C for potassium nitrate.

Not only calorimetric behavior, but the thermal decomposition studies of all samples including original, milled and DPI formulations were determined by thermalgravimetric analysis. TGA is a technique where the mass of a sample is continuously measured as a function of temperature in a controlled atmosphere. All the samples were investigated by a NETZSCH Jupiter high temperature simultaneous analyzer, to determine the decomposition characteristics of the samples. Approximately 20 ± 0.5 mg sample was packed in an aluminum crucible (Al₂O₃, 85 µL) with lid. Two empty aluminum pan and lid were used as reference and baseline, respectively. The temperature was set between 25–450 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min increment under dry nitrogen flowing at a 40 mL/min. Data were analyzed by Proteus analysis software (NETZSCH group, Selb, Germany).