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7 protocols using guanosine monophosphate

1

In Vitro Protein Synthesis Assay

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L-Thr, L-Ser, dithiothreitol (DTT), ribonucleoside triphosphate (NTP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate, pyrophosphatase (PPiase), Tris-base, MgCl2, NaCl, activated charcoal, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). [14C]Thr, [14C]Ser and [α-32P]ATP were obtained from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). KOD-plus mutagenesis kits, ReverTra Ace quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) RT Kit and SYBR Green Realtime PCR Master Mix were obtained from TOYOBO (Osaka, Japan). Dynabeads protein G, Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent, and the protein synthesis kit (1-Step Human Coupled IVT Kit) were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Qproteome nuclear protein kits and Ni2+-NTA Superflow resin were purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Hilden, Germany). Polyethyleneimine cellulose plates were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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2

Enzymatic DNA Nucleotide Analysis

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Calf thymus (CT) DNA was purchased from Rockland Immunochemicals (Pottstown, PA, USA). Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), thymidine monophosphate (TMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), uridine monophosphate (UMP), cytidine monophosphate (CMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), nuclease P1 and deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Inosine monophosphate (IMP) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit was purchased from Qiagen (Valencia, CA, USA). Acetonitrile and water (MS grade) were purchased from EMD (Gibbstown, NJ, USA).
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3

Purification and Analysis of Enzymes

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Coenzyme A (CoA), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), guanosine monophosphate (GTP), uridine monophosphate (UMP), β,γ-Methyleneguanosine 5′-triphosphate (GMPPCP), sodium triphosphate pentabasic (PPPi), and AdoCbl were from Sigma-Aldrich. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) were from gold biotechnology. Ni(II)-NTA resin was from Qiagen.
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4

Egg Product Metabolome Analysis

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Methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid (FA), and ammonium formate (AF) were purchased from VWR International, Ltd (Poole, UK).
Analytical standards of chloramphenicol, lactic acid, succinic acid, phenyllactic acid, tyramine, uracil, asparagine, glutamine, guanosine, guanosine monophosphate, serine, uridine, and uridine monophosphate were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri).
Water was purified using a Milli‐Q system (Millipore, Bedford, Massachusetts).
Egg products samples were directly collected from batches that daily arrive at production plant sites; to increase the variability of the model, the sampling period lasted 6 weeks, and samples coming from different batches, different suppliers, and with different amounts of carotenoids (in the range of tenths of milligrams per kilogram, authorized for improving appearance and correspondent consumer preference in finished products) were selected.
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5

Quantitative Analysis of Nucleotides

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Adenosine, Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Guanosine, Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Inosine, Inosine monophosphate (IMP), and Inosine triphosphate (ITP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; isotopic internal standards for each, (Ribose 13C5) were from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA.
Analytical grade reagents were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, NJ, (acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, potassium chloride, phosphoric acid, and ammonium hydroxide). Ammonium acetate 5 M solution was purchased from Ambion® and alkaline phosphatase was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis. Ultrapure (UP) water was prepared in house from deionized water with a Barnstead Nanopure System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Other supplies included Waters Sep-Pak Accell Plus QMA Cartridge, 3 cc (500 mg) (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA) and Varian Bond-Elut LRC Phenylboronic Acid (PBA) Cartridge 100mg/10 mL (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). PAXgene® tubes were from Qiagen, Valencia, CA.
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6

Quantitative Analysis of Nucleotides

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Adenosine, Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Guanosine, Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Inosine, Inosine monophosphate (IMP), and Inosine triphosphate (ITP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; isotopic internal standards for each, (Ribose 13C5) were from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA.
Analytical grade reagents were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, NJ, (acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, potassium chloride, phosphoric acid, and ammonium hydroxide) as well as Whatman® 903 DBS cards, bags and desiccant for DBS preparation and storage. Ammonium acetate 5M solution was purchased from Ambion® and alkaline phosphatase was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis. Ultrapure (UP) water was prepared in house from deionized water with a Barnstead Nanopure System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Other supplies included Waters Sep-Pak Accell Plus QMA Cartridge, 3cc (500mg) (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA) and Varian Bond-Elut LRC Phenylboronic Acid (PBA) Cartridge 100mg/10mL (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). Blood products for lysed cellular matrix were obtained from Bonfils, Denver CO. Cell preparation tubes (CPT) and dipotassium EDTA tubes were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ.
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7

Crystalline Amino Acids in Krill Hydrolysate Diets

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Crystalline amino acids arginine (Arg), alanine (Ala), proline (Pro), leucine (Leu), phenylalanine (Phe) and nucleotides (AMP, guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cytidine monophosphate (CMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP)) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Oslo, Norway) and used singly or mixed in combination at levels similar to those in krill hydrolysate (KH) (Kousoulaki et al., 2013) :
A5) Arg+Ala+Pro+Leu+Phe + nu + rest FAA as in KH Each mix was added to one of five otherwise identical low fishmeal (3%) diets. A 15% fishmeal (MFM) diet and a 3% fishmeal diet (LFM) served as positive and negative control diets, respectively. The experimental diets' formulation, approximate composition and physical quality, in addition to their total and FAA composition, are presented in Tables 1-3.
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