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9 protocols using axio imager

1

Fluid Inclusion Analysis of Quartz Samples

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43 core samples were prepared as thick doubly polished thin sections for fluid inclusion petrographic analyses and microthermometric measurements. The analyses were completed at the Reservoir Geology Experiment of Yangtze University by T600 cold and hot platform. DM4500P polarizing/fluorescence microscope (Leica, 25-1000) and Axio Imager. A2m polarizing/fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, 50–500 ×) were used for inclusion-petrography analysis. Inclusions on quartz transgranular crack and quartz overgrowth were tested. During the test, the inclusions were first cooled to – 70 ℃. During the heating process, when the temperature was between – 70 and − 20℃ and 0–70℃, the heating speed of the cooling and heating table was 20 ℃/min, and when the temperature was – 20 to 0 ℃ and 70–180 ℃, the heating speed of the cooling and heating table was 5 ℃/min. At room temperature, most of the salt water inclusions tested are two-phase fluid inclusions, and the test error is ± 1 ℃. Temperatures were measured and recorded when inclusions were completely homogeneous and completely dissolved.
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2

Teratoma Formation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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All procedures were approved and conformed to institutional guidelines. Approximately 1 × 106 iPSCs were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of adult non‐obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. All cells were cotransplanted in a 50‐µl Matrigel carrier, (BD Biosciences, http://www.bdbiosciences.com/us/home) to enhance teratoma formation. Mice were killed after 70–90 days, and teratoma tissues were extracted. Teratoma material for histological analysis was fixed in Bouins fixative [70% saturated picric acid (Sigma, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/); 25% formaldehyde (37%/40%, Sigma) and 5% glacial acetic acid (Sigma, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/)] overnight. Tissues were processed, then sectioned to 6 μm, and then counterstained with either H&E or Massons trichrome stain. Sections were assessed using bright field microscopy on an Axio Imager (Lecia, Germany, http://www.leicabiosystems.com/).
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3

Detailed Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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For all experiments, dissection, fixation and staining protocols were performed as previously described (Cohen et al., 2018 ; Sawyer et al., 2017 (link)). Briefly, this involves dissection in PBS, paraformaldehyde fixation, and blocking and staining with normal goat serum along with Triton-X. Measurement of animal pyloric nuclear area represents the average of N≥30 cells per pylorus. The following antibodies were used in this study: Beta-Galactosidase (Abcam, ab9361, 1:1000), DCP1 (Cell Signaling, Asp261, 1:500), Phospho-Histone H3 (Cell Signaling, #9706, 1:1000). Secondary antibodies were Alexa Fluor dyes (Invitrogen, 1:500). Tissues were mounted in Vectashield (Vector Laboratories Inc.). Images were obtained with an upright Zeiss AxioImager with Apotome.2 processing, inverted Leica SP5 or Andor Dragonfly Spinning Disk Confocal. Image analysis was performed using ImageJ (Schneider et al., 2012 (link)), including adjusting brightness/contract, Z projections, cell counts, and integrated density quantification. Image stitching (Fig3, FigS3CD) was performed using ImageJ grid/collection stitching plugin (Schneider et al., 2012 (link)).
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4

Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Immunostaining

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Immunofluorescence was performed on cryosections of diastole-fixed hearts or on soleus or tibialis anterior muscle and on embryonic cardiomyocytes using standard protocols and the following antibodies: sarcomeric α-actinin (SαA; Sigma), Thymosin β4 (Immundiagnostik), myomesin and cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBPC a kind gift of Elisabeth Ehler/Mathias Gautel), cTnT and cTNI, (Abcam); N2B, PEVK, N2A, Tmod1 and Nebulin (kind gifts of Siegfried Labeit). Images were acquired using an Olympus IX81 confocal microscope, a Zeiss AxioImager with ApoTome or a Leica DM6000 fluorescence microscope with Structured Illumination. Adult heart sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, using a standard protocol, or Alexa 594-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Nuclear counts, cell area and cell counts were performed on sections which had been anonymised and blinded to genotype, using ImageJ software particle analysis.
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5

Quantitative Image Analysis of Spinal Cord Pathology

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Images were acquired using an epifluorescence microscope Zeiss Axio Imager (10x objective) or confocal microscopes Leica TCS SPE or SP8 (20x or 40x objectives). All images within one experimental cohort were obtained from samples processed in a strictly identical manner and acquired using the same settings across experimental groups. Image analysis was performed using Image J (National Institutes of Health, https://fiji.sc/ or https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). For epifluorescence images, cell numbers and mean grey values (immunoreactivity) were quantified on an average of 5 serial spinal cord hemisections per mouse on manually-drawn region of interest. For confocal images, quantifications were performed on 3-4 fields in the ventral spinal cord grey matter, on 3 consecutive serial sections on maximum intensity projection images. MN soma size was measured as described previously (Kelley et al., 2018 (link)). Image J threshold function was used to quantify the % of GFAP+ and IBA1+ area on stacked confocal images and combined the analyze particles function for automatic quantification of the numbers of GS+ and GFP+ cell bodies on epifluorescence images on manually-drawn regions of interest corresponding to spinal cord sub-compartments.
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6

Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging Techniques

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A Zeiss Discovery V20 fluorescence stereomicroscope fitted with a Tucsen FL20 microscope camera was used for histological imaging and either a Zeiss Axio Imager equipped with an Apotome 3 module or a Leica TCS SP-8 confocal microscope were used for imaging immunohistochemistry labelled sections.
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis Protocol

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H&E and IF staining was performed using standard protocols as previously described (Xie et al., 2017 (link)) and detailed in supplemental information. Images were taken using a Zeiss AxioImager and a Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope in the UCSC Microscopy Facility. All primary antibodies and dilutions used are listed in Table S3.
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8

Quantifying Alzheimer's Pathological Markers

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5 µm sections from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were cut, immunohistochemically stained with Dako REAL EnVision Detection System (K5007, Aglinet), and viewed with Zeiss Axio Imager motorized Leica DM LB2 microscope and photographed with Axiocam 506 color, Leica DCF 320 camera or Hamamatsu NanoZoomer S60 slide scanner. β-amyloid positive deposits were quantified with anti-β-amyloid antibodies (mouse and human Aβ binding ab2539, Abcam or human Aβ specific 6E10, BioLegend). The following commercially available anti-β-amyloid antibodies were also tested: H31L21 (InVitrogen), 218203 (Synaptic Systems), 17-24 (BioLegend) and MAB348 (Sigma-Aldrich). Capillaries were quantified from 10 µm paraffin-embedded sections with an anti-GLUT1 antibody (#07-140, Merck). Activated glial cells were quantified with an anti-IBA1 antibody (019-19741, Wako) and CD45 antibody (ab10558 lot. GR3422640-1, Abcam). Autophagotic cells were quantified with an anti-ATG9A antibody (ab108338, Abcam).
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9

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cell Markers

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Cells were grown on 8-well chamber slides and fixed with ice-cold methanol. Primary antibodies for E-Cadherin (BD biosciences; 1:50 dilution), cytokeratin-19 (Biolegend; 1:150 dilution), fibronectin (SantaCruz, 1:150 dilution), and α-SMA (SantaCruz1:150 dilution) were used with secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 488 goat antimouse or anti-rabbit (1:150 dilution). Images were visualized using Leica Axioimager and analyzed using Image J software. Total area of fluorescence and total number of cells per field view were calculated. Thereafter area of fluorescence per cell was plotted using Graphpad prism software
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