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5 protocols using goat anti sox2

1

Quantitative Immunofluorescent Profiling of Neural Progenitors

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Immunofluorescent staining was performed as described (Patterson et al., 2014 ). P2 hiPSC-NPCs were thawed onto 24 well flat-bottomed Bio-One SensoPlates (Greiner). After reaching confluency, cells were fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences) in PBS. Antibodies used include the following mouse HuNu (Abcam), goat anti-Sox2 (Abcam), rabbit anti-Pax6 (Biolegend), and DAPI (Thermo Fisher).
High-resolution confocal images in Z-stacks were acquired (Nikon C2). Images were taken at 20x magnification with the same parameters for scanning across all wells. NIS-Elements JOBS acquisition and analysis designer software performed 3D analysis of cell number with the same threshold for each channel for all wells. The percentage of SOX2 and PAX6 positive neural progenitors was calculated with a positive staining area from each marker and normalized based on cell number (DAPI staining) via JOBS analysis. P-value was calculated with Student’s t-test.
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2

Immunofluorescent Analysis of DNA Damage and Stem Cell Markers

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Cryosections were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature. Sections were blocked with 0.5% casein in PBS and incubated with the following antibodies: mouse anti–γ-H2AX at 1:200 (cat. #05-636, Millipore); rabbit anti-phosphoserine 465/467 Smad2 (p-Smad2) at 1:50 (clone138D4, cat. #3108, Cell Signaling); rabbit anti-CD45 (cat. #Ab10558, Abcam) at 1:200; and goat anti-Sox2 at 1:50 (cat. #AF2018, R&D Systems). Primary antibody incubations were carried out overnight at 4°C, followed by washes and 1-hour incubation with Alexa488- or Alexa594-labeled anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, or anti-goat secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes) at room temperature. Nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Sections were washed in PBS-Tween20 (0.1%) before mounting with Vectashield mounting medium (Vector Labs).
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3

Immunofluorescence Staining of Brain Slices

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After culture and imaging, slices were fixed in 4% PFA at 4°C for 4 h, and washed thoroughly in PBS. Slices were blocked in 10% normal horse serum (NHS) and 0.4% Triton-X in PBS for 1 h and incubated in primary antibody (in PBS, 2.5% NHS and 0.4% Triton-X) for 48 h at 4°C. Primary antibodies included: rabbit anti-Olig2 and mouse anti-NeuN (1:500; Millipore, Germany), rat anti-Ki67 (1:500; eBiosciences, San Diego, CA), goat anti-GFAP (1:2000) and goat anti-SOX2 (1:500; Abcam, UK) and rabbit anti-GFAP (1:500; Dako, Denmark). After PBS rinses, slices were incubated in the appropriate secondary antibody conjugated to Alexafluor 405, 594, or 633 (1:500; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) in PBS with 2.5% NHS and 0.4% Triton-X overnight at 4°C. Slices were washed in PBS, placed between two coverslips with a 400 um thick slice of agarose to act as a spacer if needed and mounted in Fluoromount-G (eBiosciences, San Diego, CA).
All fixed tissue was imaged with a laser-scanning confocal microscope (Olympus FV1000, Germany) equipped with a UV diode (405 nm excitation) and three laser lines (488, 543, 633 nm) along with the appropriate emission filter sets; this configuration allowed for imaging of GFP expression and up to three additional markers in a single slice (for example see Figure 4A).
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4

Quantitative Immunofluorescent Profiling of Neural Progenitors

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Immunofluorescent staining was performed as described (Patterson et al., 2014 ). P2 hiPSC-NPCs were thawed onto 24 well flat-bottomed Bio-One SensoPlates (Greiner). After reaching confluency, cells were fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences) in PBS. Antibodies used include the following mouse HuNu (Abcam), goat anti-Sox2 (Abcam), rabbit anti-Pax6 (Biolegend), and DAPI (Thermo Fisher).
High-resolution confocal images in Z-stacks were acquired (Nikon C2). Images were taken at 20x magnification with the same parameters for scanning across all wells. NIS-Elements JOBS acquisition and analysis designer software performed 3D analysis of cell number with the same threshold for each channel for all wells. The percentage of SOX2 and PAX6 positive neural progenitors was calculated with a positive staining area from each marker and normalized based on cell number (DAPI staining) via JOBS analysis. P-value was calculated with Student’s t-test.
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5

Immunofluorescence Staining of Inner Ear Tissues

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Tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min. After washing with PBS three times, the tissues were immersed in blocking solution consisting of 10% donkey serum and 1% Triton-X100 in PBS at pH 7.4 for 1 h at room temperature. The primary antibodies and secondary antibodies were diluted in 1% Triton-X100 in PBS overnight at 4 °C in a humidified chamber. After washing with PBS, tissues were mounted in antifade fluorescence mounting medium and cover-slipped. The primary antibodies used in our experiments were rabbit anti-Myosin7a (1:500 dilution) (Proteus Biosciences), goat anti-Sox2 (1:500 dilution) (Abcam), and mouse anti-YAP (1:50 dilution) (Santa Cruz). HC bundles were labeled with phalloidin (1:500 dilution) (Life Technologies), nerve fibers were labeled with Tuj1 (1:500 dilution) (Abcam), and nuclei were labeled with DAPI (1:500 dilution) (Sigma). The FM1-43 uptake experiment was performed using FM1-43FX, a fixable analog of the FM1-43 membrane stain (1:500 dilution) (Invitrogen).
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