Disodium tartrate dehydrate

RAW 264.7 cells (ATCC® TIB-71TM) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Melatonin, RANKL, and MCSF were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Hamburg, Germany) and L-glutamine, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin–streptomycin, and Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) were bought from Capricorn Scientific GmbH (Ebsdorfergrund, Germany). 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and isopropanol were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH. Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin were obtained from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). For TRAP activity studies, p-nitrophenyl phosphate tablets (PNPP) and iron chloride hexahydrate were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH, and disodium tartrate dehydrate was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Naphthol AS MX phosphate and fast red violet LB salt were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemie GmbH, sodium acetate anhydrous was obtained from Honeywell Riedel-de Haën AG (Seelze, Germany), and N, N-dimethylformamide was purchased from Merck KGaA for TRAP staining.

Chitosan (deacetylation degree: ≥92.6%) and acetic acid were obtained from Heppe MEDICAL CHITOSAN GmbH (USA) and Riedel de Haen (Germany), respectively. Ethanol was purchased from Sigma (Germany) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) in bead form (55–110 μm) was obtained from Science Application Industries (France). Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets and sodium azide were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-2 ELISA kit were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA) and MEL was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). For cell culture studies, RAW 264.7 cell line (ATCC^® TIB-71™) used in was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). RANKL, MCSF, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and isopropanol were all bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM-high glucose), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, l-glutamine and Dulbecco’s phosphate buffer saline were obtained from Capricorn Scientific (Germany). Glutaraldehyde, hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) tablets, iron chloride hexahydrate, naphthol AS-MX phosphate and fast red violet LB salt were all purchased from Sigma (Germany). Disodium tartrate dehydrate and N, N-dimethylformamide were bought from Merck (Germany). Sodium acetate anhydrous was obtained from Riedel de Haen (Germany).