Styrene, 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), 4-tert-butoxyStyrene, and 4-vinylpyridine were purchased from Aldrich, dried over CaH2 and distilled prior to use. Phenyltrimethoxysilane [Scheme 1 a], methyl dichlorosilane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-propanol, charcoal, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), acetonitrile, cyclohexane, and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) were also purchased from Aldrich. DDSQ was synthesized as described previously [Scheme 1 c] [45 (link),46 (link),47 (link)].
4 vinylbenzyl chloride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States
4-vinylbenzyl chloride is a chemical compound used as a precursor in the synthesis of various organic compounds. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, aromatic odor. The compound is commonly used in the production of polymers, resins, and other specialty chemicals.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Styrene, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Acrylic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tetrahydrofuran, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Glycidyl methacrylate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Azobisisobutyronitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
N n dimethylformamide (dmf), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 2 azobisisobutyronitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Divinylbenzene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1 methylimidazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chloroform, by Avantor (2 mentions)
D cellobiose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
27 protocols using 4 vinylbenzyl chloride
1
Synthesis of Functional Polymers
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Algae-Encapsulating Polymers
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The monomers glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), acrylic acid (AA); the amine N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (HAM); the initiators azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), potassium persulfate (KPS), and potassium disulfite (PDS); and the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as well as deuterated chloroform (CDCl3), were purchased from Aldrich (Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and used as received. The monomer sodium 4-styrene sulfonate (SSNa) was purchased from TOSOH Europe B.V. (TOSOH Europe B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands) and used as received. The solvents dimethylformamide (DMF), chloroform (CHCl3), diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, and ethyl acetate were purchased from Fischer Scientific (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and used as received without further purification. Ultra-pure water was obtained by means of an SG apparatus water purification unit. Nylon nets used for coating were purchased from HelNet S.A., Schimatari, Greece.
A Walne medium nutrient solution was used in order to achieve accelerated algae growth during the experiments. Walne’s medium components and concentrations were given in De Martino et al., 2007 [38 (link)]. In addition, algae culture was obtained using the standard cultivation process described by Laing, 1991 [25 ].
A Walne medium nutrient solution was used in order to achieve accelerated algae growth during the experiments. Walne’s medium components and concentrations were given in De Martino et al., 2007 [38 (link)]. In addition, algae culture was obtained using the standard cultivation process described by Laing, 1991 [25 ].
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Styrene-Vinylbenzyl Chloride Copolymers
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Styrene (99%, Alfa Aesar) and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (90%, Aldrich) monomers were purified before use by passing them through basic aluminum oxide (98%, Acros Organics) to remove stabilizing agents. The chemical reagents including azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (99%, Otsuka chemical), 1-methylimidazole (99%, Aldrich), N-b-hydroxyethyl oleyl imidazoline (HEOImn) (99%, Chem Service), and potassium hydroxide (>85%, Acros Organics) were used without further purifications. All the solvents used in this work such as toluene (Sigma Aldrich), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Acros Organics), anhydrous methanol (Macron Fine Chemicals), isopropyl alcohol (Macron Fine Chemicals), chloroform (Sigma Aldrich) were ACS reagent grade. The standard solutions for the titration analysis, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution, were purchased from Honeywell Fluka. Nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen gases with a high purity of greater than 99.99% were provided from local manufacturer (Jing-Shang gas).
4
Synthesis of Functional Polymers
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The monomers sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (SSNa), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), acrylic acid (AA) and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), the amine N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (DDA), the initiator azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN), the deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) and deuterium oxide (D2O), as well as the solvents N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and hexane were purchased from Aldrich (Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and used as received. The solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chloroform (CHCl3), ethanol (EtOH), methanol and ethyl acetate were supplied by Fischer Scientific (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Acetone was purchased from Chem-Lab (CHEM-LAB NV, Zedelgem, Belgium). Quaternary surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) was a product of Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merelbeke, Belgium). Ultrapure water (H2O 3D) was prepared by the SG water purifier.
5
Functionalized Gellan Gum for Dye Binding
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Low-acyl Gellan Gum, GG (Lot: R13G030, ~500 kDa, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ward Hill, MA, USA) was used as received. Styrene (St, ≥99%), 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (4-VBC, 90%), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%) were supplied by Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). St was used after activated alumina inhibitor removal, Al2O3 (activity grade I, ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), chloroform (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), and methanol (Burdick and Jackson, Muskegon, MI, USA) were used as received. The following dyes (all from Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA) were used in the binding experiments without further purification: Acridine Orange (AcOr, dye content ~90%), Auramine O (AO, ~85%), Bromphenol Blue (BPB, ~95%), Crystal Violet (CV, ~98%), Methylene Blue (MB, 98%), and Methyl Orange (MO, ~93%).
6
Cellulose-PEG Composite Synthesis
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Sigmacell cellulose (Type 101, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Technocell™ cellulose fibers, Technocell 90 (T-90), Cellulose Filler Factory Corporation (Chestertown, MD, USA), were used as received. PEG 1 kDa, 6 kDa, and 10 kDa, 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (4-VBC, 90%), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%), and sodium hydride (NaH, dry, 95%) were supplied by Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). PEG 5 kDa was purchased from Polymer Source, Inc. (Dorval, QC H9P 2X8, Canada), and D-(+)-cellobiose was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, EMD Millipore Corporation, Burlington, MA, USA), chloroform (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), and methanol (Burdick & Jackson, Muskegon, MI, USA) as well as hexanes (Brookfield, CT, USA) were used as received.
7
Cellulose Fibers Preparation and Characterization
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Sigmacell cellulose (Type 101, Sigma-Aldrich, 3050 Spruce St., St. Louis, MO, USA) and Technocell™ cellulose fibers, Technocell 40 (T-40), Technocell 90 (T-90) and Technocell 150 (T-150) from Cellulose Filler Factory Corporation (10200 Worton Rd, Chestertown, MD, USA) were used as received. St (≥99%), 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (4-VBC, 90%), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%) were supplied by Millipore Sigma (3050 Spruce St., St. Louis, MO, USA). St was used after inhibitor removal by activated alumina, Al2O3 (activity grade I, ICN Biomedicals, 3300 Hyland Ave., Costa Mesa, CA, USA). D-(+)-cellobiose and cellotriose were purchased from TCI America (9211 N Harborgate St., Portland, OR, USA) and were used without further purification. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, EMD Millipore Corporation, 290 Concord Rd., Billerica, MA, USA), chloroform (J. T. Baker, 222 Red School Ln. Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) and methanol (Burdick & Jackson, 1953 Harvey St., Muskegon, MI, USA) were used as received.
8
Synthesis of Clickable Protein A Beads
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4-vinylbenzyl chloride (Sigma Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland), DMF (VWR, Schlieren, Switzerland), sodium azide (Sigma Aldrich), diethyl ether (Sigma Aldrich), MgSO4 (Sigma Aldrich), sodium dodecyl sulfate (Sigma Aldrich), propargyl glicidyl ether (Sigma Aldrich), propargyl-dPEG1-NHS–ester (Rapp Polymer, Tübingen, Germany), sodium ascorbate (Sigma Aldrich), Protein A (Syd Labs, Natick, MA, USA), Cys-Terminated protein A (ProspecBio, East Brunswick, NJ, USA), styrene (Sigma Aldrich), divinyl benzene (Sigma Aldrich), potassium persulfate (Sigma Aldrich), 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) (Sigma Aldrich), copper sulfate (Sigma Aldrich), sodium ascorbate (Sigma Aldrich), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Sigma Aldrich), sodium phosphate (Sigma Aldrich), sodium sulfate (Sigma Aldrich), potassium bromide (Sigma Aldrich), ethanol amine (Sigma Aldrich), citric acid (Sigma Aldrich), sodium chloride (VWR).
9
Synthesis and Functionalization of PS/DVB Particles
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The PS/DVB particles used as supporting material for all functionalizations were prepared according to the procedure described in Refs. [47 (link),48 ] for materials with 55% nominal crosslinkage. The used polymer batches had average diameters between 4.0 and 4.5 μm and were highly monodisperse with specific surface areas AS of 1000–1200 m2 g−1 and mean pore sizes Φ50 of 40–45 nm.
Ultrapure water was used as received from a MilliQ-system (Merck-Millipore Billerica, MA, USA). The monomer was synthesized using 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (90%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and N-methyl diethanolamine (≥99% Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) without further treatment. The detailed procedure is given in Ref. [46 (link)]. DMSO (99.5%, Grüssing GmbH, Grüssing, Germany) and benzoyl peroxide (for synthesis, 25% water, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) as well as the organic solvents for the synthesis were used as received.
For preparation of the eluents sodium carbonate (p.a., VWR chemicals, Leuven, Belgium) and sodium hydroxide solution (50%, p.a., Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used. The IC standards were prepared from the sodium salts (p.a.) of the anions.
Ultrapure water was used as received from a MilliQ-system (Merck-Millipore Billerica, MA, USA). The monomer was synthesized using 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (90%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and N-methyl diethanolamine (≥99% Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) without further treatment. The detailed procedure is given in Ref. [46 (link)]. DMSO (99.5%, Grüssing GmbH, Grüssing, Germany) and benzoyl peroxide (for synthesis, 25% water, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) as well as the organic solvents for the synthesis were used as received.
For preparation of the eluents sodium carbonate (p.a., VWR chemicals, Leuven, Belgium) and sodium hydroxide solution (50%, p.a., Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used. The IC standards were prepared from the sodium salts (p.a.) of the anions.
10
Aromatic Polyethers with Pyridine Units
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Aromatic polyethers bearing main chain pyridine units (Mn 60,000), were synthesized according to a previously reported procedure [20 (link)]. Thus, 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC, 90%), acrylic acid (AA, 99%), lithium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonamide (TFSI, ≥99%), 1-methylimidazole (99%), dimethyl sulfate (DMSA, ≥ 99%), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (98%) and ethyl acetate (99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany. Dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%), dimethylacetamide (DMAc, ≥99%), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.7%), chloroform (99.8+%), diethyl ether (99%) and sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4, 97%) were supplied from Fischer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, WI, USA. All solvents and chemicals were used as received. Single gases, CO2, CH4, He, Ar were supplied by Air Liquide, Paris, France with 99.99% minimum purity.
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