Standard malondialdehyde

Fructose syrup (55%) was purchased from Chao Khun Agro Products Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), glutathione reductase, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), standard malondialdehyde (MDA), standard superoxide dismutase (SOD) from bovine erythrocytes, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), and xanthine oxidase were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was supplied by Fluka Chemika Co. (Steinheim, Switzerland). Trizol® was supplied by Invitrogen® (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ReverTraAce® and Taq DNA polymerase were purchased from Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and Vivantis Technologies Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia), respectively. The random primers and RNase inhibitor were products of Takara Bio Inc. (Shiga, Japan). The forward and reverse primers for CAT, CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, and GAPDH (Table 1) were synthesized by Bio Basic, Inc. (Markham, Ontario, Canada). All other laboratory chemicals were of the highest available purity from commercial suppliers.

Merck provided alloxan and glibenclamide (Germany), thiobarbituric acid, trichloroasetic acid, and standard malondialdehyde were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (USA) while Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit was obtained from BT Lab®, Shanghai, China.