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3 protocols using distilled deionized water

1

Heavy Metal Removal via Biocomposite

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Chitosan (degree of deacetylation ≥ 75%, viscosity 20–300 cps), anhydrous calcium chloride granules (7.0 mm, 93.0%), ferric chloride hexahydrate (ACS reagent, 97%), montmorillonite, cupric chloride dihydrate (ACS reagent, ≥ 99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Mumbai, India. Sodium alginate (pure) from Sisco laboratories, Chennai and carboxymethyl cellulose from Molychem, Mumbai, were obtained. Norfloxacin (C16H18FN3O3, Analytical standard, ≥98%) purchased from Merck, Mumbai. Distilled deionized water (Millipore system) was used in all experiments, and all other chemicals were directly utilized with no additional purification.
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2

Asphaltene Aggregation Synthesis and Characterization

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Isostearyl alcohol (Nissan Chemical Industries, Japan) was used to synthesize the iC 18 S(FO-180, critical micelle concentration (CMC) = 2.7 mM, M W = 362 g.mol -1 ) using a synthetic method reported previously [28] . Potassium chloride (KCl, > 99% purity), sodium chloride (NaCl, > 99.5% purity), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, > 99% purity), and calcium chloride (CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, > 99% purity) (all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) were used as received.
Distilled deionized water (resistivity = 18.2 MΩ cm, Millipore) was used for preparing synthetic sea water solutions. N-decane, toluene, n-heptane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol, and chlorosulfonic acid (all >99%, Fisher Scientific) were also used as supplied. Asphaltene aggregations were conducted using bitumen (Calgary, Canada) to study accumulation of asphaltene on a glass substrate (extracted by a widely used method (IP143, ASTM D6560), see Table S2-S3 in supporting material for Asphaltene specification).
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3

Characterizing SWCNT Dispersions by Absorption and Fluorescence

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Absorption and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence measurements were performed as previously described with few modifications [23] (link). Briefly, each DNA:SWCNT preparation was diluted to a 1% solution with distilled-deionized water (Millipore; Billerica, MA). This solution was added to a 10 mm path length cuvette (Starna Cells; Atascadero, CA) and analyzed on a NanoSpectralyzer 1 (NS1) (Applied NanoFluorescence; Houston, TX). The absorbance spectrum was collected from 400–1600 nm. Additionally, fluorescent emission spectra were measured using excitation wavelengths of 638 nm, 690 nm, and 784 nm. The resulting spectra were analyzed with ANFSoft (Applied NanoFluorescence; Houston, TX). Fluorescence efficiency measurements, which are fluorescence intensity (RFU) collected across the emission spectrum for a single wavelength divided by the absorbance spectrum, are reported as a relative measure of SWCNT dispersion in solution.
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