Spinetoram

For the control group, 15 plastic cups were filled with 10 g of the prepared diet each. The treatment consisted of six concentrations of Spinetoram (water dispersible granule containing Spinetoram-J and-L, Dow AgroSciences Australia). These were mixed to the artificial diet to obtain concentrations of 0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.60 mg Spinetoram per liter diet with 15 replications of each treatment. Larvae were transferred into the experimental cups 1 day after hatching.

The insecticide propoxur (97%) was supplied by Jiangsu Changlong Agrochemical Co., Ltd Jiangsu, China. Etofenprox (95%), nitenpyram (96%), abamectin (97%), chlorpyrifos (98%), and deltamethrin (95%) were supplied by Hubei Kangbaotai Fine-Chemicals Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China. The spinetoram (60 g/L SC) was supplied by the Dow AgroSciences Company. Propoxur, etofenprox, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, and deltamethrin were dissolved in acetone, and nitenpyram and spinetoram were dissolved in water. Active ingredient (0.1 g) was dissolved in 2 mL acetone, and 50 g/L mother liquor was obtained. Then, it was diluted to 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 100 mg/L with water. The same volume of solvent without insecticide was added to each control group during the bioassay.

The following were purchased commercially: imidacloprid (600 g/LSC, Bayer CropScience, Germany), thiamethoxam (70%GZ, Syngenta, China), clothianidin (48%SC, HeNan Hansi crop protection, China), dinotefuran (20%SG, Mitsui Chemicals, Japan), nitenpyram (30%WG, ZinGrow, China), acetamiprid (20%SP, Noposion, China), thiacloprid (40%SC, Limin Chemical, China), sulfoxaflor (22%SC, Dow AgroSciences, USA), flupyradifurone (17%SC, Bayer CropScience, Germany), triflumezopyrim (10%SC, DuPont, USA), spinetoram (60 g/LSC, Dow AgroSciences, USA) and Triton X-100 (Sangon Biotech, China).

The bioinsecticide spinosad was used in its commercial formulation registered for use in tomato fields against the tomato borer (480 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil) [18] . The insecticides used in the cross-resistance bioassays were (the commercial formulations used are indicated between parentheses): abamectin (18 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), cartap (500 g a.i./Kg, soluble powder, Iharabras, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorantraniliprole (200 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorfenapyr (240 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, BASF S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil), chlorpyrifos (480 g a.i., emulsifiable concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil), indoxacarb (300 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), permethrin (384 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, FMC Química do Brazil, Campinas, SP, Brazil), spinetoram (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil), and thiamethoxam (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO-90%) and S,S,S – Tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF-98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, EUA).