Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as components of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 were purchased from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). A PAA gel developed by Loch et al. [16 (link)] simulating the vitreous body was prepared according to the composition given in Table 1 . Rotiphoresis gel 30 (37.5:1), ammonium peroxodisulfate, and tetramethylethylenediamine were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Agarose for the PAA gel-sheath was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Model implants were prepared via hot-melt extrusion of FS (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) or TA (Caelo, Hilden, Germany) as active pharmaceutical ingredients, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; Affinisol 100LV/Affinisol 15LV; Dow Chemicals, Midland, TX, USA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (Carl Roth). All chemicals and solvents for the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were of analytical quality. A standard Formlabs Clear Resin (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) was used for the 3D-printed EFC.
Clear resin
Manufactured by Formlabs
Sourced in United States
Clear Resin is a photopolymer resin developed by Formlabs for use in their SLA 3D printers. It is a transparent resin that can be used to create highly detailed, clear 3D printed parts.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Form 2, by Formlabs (6 mentions)
Form 3, by Formlabs (3 mentions)
Dental sg resin, by Formlabs (2 mentions)
Ammonium peroxodisulfate, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Polyethylene glycol peg 6000, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Autocad 2016, by Autodesk (1 mentions)
Preform, by Formlabs (1 mentions)
Cl 1000l, by Analytik Jena (1 mentions)
Form 2 3d printer, by Formlabs (1 mentions)
Solidworks 2018, by Dassault Systèmes (1 mentions)
Fibroblast media, by ScienCell (1 mentions)
Anti fibronectin antibody, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Alamar blue dye, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Gelatin type b from bovine skin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nucblue fixed cell stain readyprobes reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Actingreen 488 readyprobes reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Zpex4, by Tosoh (1 mentions)
Potassium phosphate monobasic, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tris 2 2 bipyridyl dichlororuthenium 2 hexahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
21 protocols using clear resin
1
Development of Vitreous Phantom Implant
2
3D Printed Microfluidic Fittings
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3D fittings (connector and Y-channel) were designed using AutoCAD® 2016 (Autodesk, USA). The connector was in the shape of a hollow cylinder (length = 10 mm, OD = 10 mm, and ID = 5 mm). The hollow connector was designed with a circular hole of inner diameter 1.8 mm at the side for the flow of continuous fluid. The Y-channel had two inlets opening and the outlet of 1.8 mm in outer diameter. Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubes (muse 2000, China) with ODs and IDs of (1.8 mm, 1 mm) and (1 mm, 0.7 mm) were fitted concentrically to the outlet of Y-channel that delivered the co-laminar flow. The CAD files were exported in the standard triangulation language (STL) file format. STL files of the design were sent to Form 2™ (Formlabs, USA) and the 3D models were printed. The structures were printed using Formlabs Clear™ resin (Formlabs, USA) with the layer thickness of 50 μm. 3D printed fittings were post-processed by washing with isopropanol for 10 min to remove uncured resin and dried in the oven at 60 °C for 24 h.
3
Additive Manufacturing of Sample Holder
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The upper and lower part of the sample holder were constructed with FreeCAD (version 0.19 Build 24276 (Git), open-source software (available from: http://www.freecadweb.org , accessed on 15 May 2021). The precise dimensions of both parts are shown in Figures S1 and S2 .
As a preparation for additive manufacturing, both parts were sliced with the slicing software PreForm (version 3.14.0, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA). Slicing was performed with a layer thickness of 50 µm, a full raft type, a density of 1.0, and a touch point size of 0.4 mm. The support structure was automatically generated and the internal support structure was turned off.
Additive manufacturing of both parts was carried out with a Formlabs Form 3 (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) with a construction volume of 14.5 × 14.5 × 18.5 cm, a layer thickness of 25–300 µm (vertical resolution), a XY-resolution of 25 µm and a laser spot size of 85 µm. The upper and the lower part of the sample holder were either fabricated with a Formlabs Clear Resin (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) or a Formlabs Standard White Resin V4 (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA).
For postprocessing the finished sample holders were washed in isopropanol for 20 min. The sample holders were separated from the build plate and the support structures were removed from each part. Finally, the sample holders were hardened for 10 min at 60 °C in a UV light chamber.
As a preparation for additive manufacturing, both parts were sliced with the slicing software PreForm (version 3.14.0, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA). Slicing was performed with a layer thickness of 50 µm, a full raft type, a density of 1.0, and a touch point size of 0.4 mm. The support structure was automatically generated and the internal support structure was turned off.
Additive manufacturing of both parts was carried out with a Formlabs Form 3 (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) with a construction volume of 14.5 × 14.5 × 18.5 cm, a layer thickness of 25–300 µm (vertical resolution), a XY-resolution of 25 µm and a laser spot size of 85 µm. The upper and the lower part of the sample holder were either fabricated with a Formlabs Clear Resin (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) or a Formlabs Standard White Resin V4 (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA).
For postprocessing the finished sample holders were washed in isopropanol for 20 min. The sample holders were separated from the build plate and the support structures were removed from each part. Finally, the sample holders were hardened for 10 min at 60 °C in a UV light chamber.
4
3D-Printed Surgical Splints for Maxillomandibular Fixation
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After VSS of the maxilla and mandible, intermediate and final splints were designed using computer aided design (CAD) software (Geomagic Freeform; 3D Systmes, Rock Hill, SC, USA). Then, these splints were fabricated with a 3D printing machine (Form 2; Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA). According to Mangano et al’s study,19 (link) Form 2 showed the one of the best performances in both linear and diameter measurements. Therefore, they reported that the error of this 3D printer was compatible with its clinical use.
Formlabs clear resin (Formlabs) was used for fabrication of the intermediate and final wafers. In the concept and the technique used by surgeon (M.J.K), the final wafer was removed after fixation of the mandible, and two triangle vertical elastics (3/16 inch, 4 ounce) were placed between the maxillary canines, and mandibular canines and premolars. Two days after surgery, the final surgical wafer was used one more time for taking postoperative CBCT scans.
Formlabs clear resin (Formlabs) was used for fabrication of the intermediate and final wafers. In the concept and the technique used by surgeon (M.J.K), the final wafer was removed after fixation of the mandible, and two triangle vertical elastics (3/16 inch, 4 ounce) were placed between the maxillary canines, and mandibular canines and premolars. Two days after surgery, the final surgical wafer was used one more time for taking postoperative CBCT scans.
5
Fabrication of 3D-Printed Pillar Arrays
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The pillar array support used in this study was designed with an online 3D computer-aided design (CAD) program (https://www.tinkercad.com/ ) with 0.5 mm pillar-to-pillar distance, 0.5 mm pillar diameter, 3 mm pillar height, and 1 mm base thickness (15 mm L × 10 mm W) (Figure 1A Figure 1B
6
Fabrication of Multilayered TEVG using 3D Printed Molds
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The methods employed for the fabrication of the outermost layer and middle layer of the TEVG were realized via a mold system. The mold system consists of five separate molds. They were made of photosensitive resin (Clear Resin, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) and printed directly by a 3D printer (Form 2, Formlabs) from stereolithography (STL) files (SolidWorks 2018, Dassault Systèmes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France). The printing parameters were set following the general configurations in the program. Briefly, the layer thickness was set to be 0.025 mm and the resin temperature was 35 °C. In the settings of the supporting constructions, the density of the supports, the contact point size and the thickness of the basement were set to be 1.00, 0.7 mm and 2 mm respectively. The profiles of the five molds are shown in Figure 4 . The cross section of each mold’s track is semicircular. The center trajectories of each mold’s track are identical. The curvature radiuses of the fitting surfaces of the five molds are also the same (60 mm), which corresponds to the curved structure of the bioengineered TEVG. The diameter of the groove/convex on each mold’s curved surface is determined by the dimensions of the designed TEVG.
7
Fabrication of Customized PCL Implants
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The STL file of the PCL implant was sent to a bioprinting company (T&R Biofab Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea), which produced it using medical-grade PCL (Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany) in Biofab’s 3D printing system. The PCL raw material was placed within a 10 mL steel syringe for printing. The PCL was heated to 120 °C, which was maintained for the printing duration. The molten PCL was then extruded through 500 µm steel nozzles. The printing code was generated by CAM software. The code was served to slice the customized 3D models and generated a moving path for the 3D printer to operate. The PCL scaffold was then fabricated with interconnected lattice-type pores (Figure 3 E). This entire process was performed in accordance with a facility with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certification approved by the MFDS of Korea, and the final fabricated implant was prepared by gamma sterilization.
The surgical guides that we designed were directly printed using our own 3D printer (Form2, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) with clear resin (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA), and these were sterilized by the hospital system.
The surgical guides that we designed were directly printed using our own 3D printer (Form2, Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) with clear resin (Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA), and these were sterilized by the hospital system.
8
3D-Printed PMMA Fracture Characterization
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Each sample was 3D-printed stereo-lithographically from an optically clear PMMA based resin (clear resin, Formlabs). A sample was cylindrical with a diameter of 10 cm and height of 3.2 cm. A hollow fluid injector was in the centre of the 3D-printed design. The injector consisted of a cylinder of 3.8 mm in diameter and height of 16 mm and was connected to a conic-shaped fracture initiation site of diameter 15 mm at its bottom and of height 3 mm (Fig. 1a ). The density of a printed sample was ρ = 1,200 kg m−3. The Young’s modulus of the material, E = 1.6 GPa, was measured using ASTM 399 testing. The fracture toughness, , was measured with ASTM 638 testing. Both tests used a sample of thickness 24 mm and various loading rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 mm min−1.
9
Microfluidic Cartridge Design and Fabrication
10
Hydrogel-based Tissue Engineering Scaffold
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