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20 protocols using bismuth nitrate

1

Photocatalytic Synthesis and Degradation

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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O) and nitric acid (HNO3), citric acid (C₆H₈O₇), ethanol and titanium (IV) areopropoxides purchased from Merck, and was used without further purification. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) was prepared from Mofid Pharmaceutical Company. It should be noted that deionized water was used during photocatalytic synthesis and degradation experiments.
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2

Analytical Reagent Procurement Protocol

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Analytical grade chemicals like potassium bromide, phenol, methyl orange and bismuth nitrate [Bi(NO3)3·5H2O] were procured from Merck India.
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3

Detailed Reagent Sourcing for Research

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Analytical grade chemicals such as acetic acid, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, sulfuric acid, powdered glucose, mercuric iodide, nitric acid, potassium sodium tartrate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, iodine, potassium dichromate, bismuth nitrate and ammonia solution were all obtained from Merck, Germany. Tartaric acid, picric acid, lead acetate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and ferric chloride were supplied by Loba, India. Other reagents include distilled water, castor oil, potassium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), DPPH (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), alpha-naphthol (Unichem, China), cupric sulfate (Qualikems, India), sodium bicarbonate (Guangdong Guanghua chemical factory, China), polysorbate-80 (Research-Lab Fine Chem Industries, India), alpha-glucosidase enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, para-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) (Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland). Standard drugs diclofenac sodium, glibenclamide and voglibose used in this study were procured from Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh.
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4

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Inorganic Compounds

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Bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), nitric acid (HNO3 78%), ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), methylene blue (C16H18ClN3S), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), DMSO (C2H6OS), ciprofloxacin (C17H18FN3O3), clotrimazole (C22H17ClN2), and Mueller-Hinton agar powder were received from Merck, India and used without further purification. Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), and Aspergillus niger (fungus) were used to investigate the antimicrobial activities.
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5

Comprehensive Analytical Protocol for Pharmaceutical Compounds

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Sodium phosphate dibasic dehydrate (sigma Aldrich, Germany), Sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate (Acros organics, United States), Distilled deionized water, Sodium chloride (HiMedia Laboratories, India), Sodium Diclofenac (Amoli Organics Pvt., India), Formaldehyde (Merck, Germany), Anhydride acetic acid (Acros organics, USA), Picric acid (BDH laboratory, England), Hydrochloric acid (Chemlab, Belgium), Chloroform (Eurolab, UK), Sodium bicarbonate (Himedia, India), Sodium hydroxide (Himedia, India), 3,5 di-nitro Binzoic acid (Merck, Germany), Vanillin (Merck, Germany), Aluminum chloride (Merck, Germany), Ferric chloride (Merck, Germany), Bismuth nitrate (Merck, Germany), Potassium iodide (Rectapur, prolab, CE), Ethanol (Schalau SL, Spain) and Sulfuric acid (Surechem product LTD, England). Apparatus used in this study were Electronic balance (Sartoruis AG, Germany), Ultrapure TM aqua purification system (Lotun Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan), UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), Water bath, Rotary evaporator (Heidolph Instruments, Germany) and TSE Analgesia Meter Tail Flick (tinateb, USA).
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Materials

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CC, RS, HQ and NO2 were bought from Sigma-Aldrich and sodium nitrite, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen chloride, phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphite, potassium hydrogen phosphite, bismuth nitrate, ethylene diamine, acetone, alcohol, graphite powder and paraffin oil were purchased from Merck. All reagents with analytical grade were used as received without any purification.
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7

Graphene-Based Environmental Remediation

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In this study, high purity (99.5%) graphene (CAS number: 7782-42-5) was obtained from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. (3302 Twig Leaf Lane, Houston, TX 77084, USA). Sodium hydroxide, bismuth nitrate, tin chloride, ammonia, ethanol, nitric acid, ethylene glycol, and tetra butyl ortho titanate (TBOT) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pentachlorophenol (PCP) with the chemical formula of C6Cl5OH was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (US).
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8

Phytochemical and Histological Analysis

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Chemicals for extraction and phytochemical screening i.e. ethanol, mercury (II) chloride, potassium iodide, bismuth nitrate, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydrochloric were in EMSURE analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Chemicals for histological preparation i.e. ethanol, eosin, hematoxylin, formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, paraffin, CMC, and xylene were in EMSURE analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), whereas dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), picric acid, and carboxymethylcellulose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MA, USA).
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9

Bismuth Oxide Synthesis from Mentha Leaves

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Graphene oxide (GO), Bismuth nitrate, Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (99.9% purity), Copper nitrate trihydrate, ammonia (NH3), Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and ethanol (≥ 99.9% purity) were brought from sigma Aldrich. Extract of mentha leaves was used to synthesize bismuth oxide.
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-based Nanocomposites

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All the selected metal salts and chemical reagents used in the present study were of analytical grade and used directly. Lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2], cupric nitrate [Cu(NO3)2], barium nitrate [Ba(NO3)2], mercuric bromide (HgBr2), aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3], bismuth nitrate [Bi(NO3)3·5H2O], cobalt nitrate [Co(NO3)2], strontium nitrate [Sr(NO3)2], nickel nitrate [Ni(NO3)2·6H2O], cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2·H2O], GNS, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB), deuterium oxide (D2O) and BPA were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India, and the graphene samples were obtained from Tata Steel Limited.
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