Carotenoids were extracted from 1.0 g of lyophilized samples and then measured in accordance with the methods of Liu et al. [22 (link)] and Lee [34 (link)]. The carotenoids were identified by comparing the retention times and the absorption spectra with those of authentic standards and were quantified by peak areas. The peak areas were converted to concentrations by comparisons with the authentic standards of known concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Authentic carotenoid standards of antheraxanthin, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, all-trans-lutein, all-trans-violaxanthin and phytoene were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland), while those of β-carotene and all-trans-lycopene together with standards of limonin and nomilin were purchased from Sigma Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Phytoene
Manufactured by CaroteNature
Sourced in Switzerland
Phytoene is a key carotenoid intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. It is the first C40 carotenoid compound formed in the pathway and serves as a precursor for the production of other carotenoids such as lycopene and beta-carotene.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Phytofluene, by CaroteNature (3 mentions)
β cryptoxanthin, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
α carotene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Antheraxanthin, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Hexane, by Sinopharm (2 mentions)
Violaxanthin, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Lycopene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
δ carotene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
γ carotene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
β carotene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Lutein, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Hexane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Sinopharm (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Sinopharm (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
Narirutin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
Hesperidin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
Didymin, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
β carotene, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
Fructose, by Yuanye Bio-Technology (1 mentions)
5 protocols using phytoene
1
Carotenoid Extraction and Quantification
2
Quantification of Phytochemicals in Fruits
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The standards of narirutin, hesperidin, didymin, lycopene, β-carotene, fructose, glucose and sucrose were acquired from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Phytoene and violaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland) and Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively. ABTS+ (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). High performance liquid chromatography purity solvents, including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), methanol and hexane were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Other analytical grade chemicals, such as ethanol, hexane and sodium hydroxide were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
3
Carotenoid Standards Acquisition and Purification
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Violaxanthin, neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, phytoene, β-cryptoxanthin, phytofluene, α-carotene, β-carotene, ζ-carotene, δ-carotene, γ-carotene, neurosporene and lycopene were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland). Methanol was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Tert-methyl butyl ether (MTBE), chloroform and dichloromethane were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Panoli, Gujrat, India), hexane from Sigma chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and ethanol from Hayman Ltd. (Essex, USA). All reagents were HPLC grade or higher. A Millipore Milli-Q water purification system was used to obtain high purity of water.
4
Analyzing Carotenoid Profiles in Cherry Tomatoes
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The cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) IVF3535 were provided by Xinjiang Guannong Fruit &Antler CO., LTD.; extra virgin olive oil and fresh shii-take mushrooms were purchased at the local supermarket; all-E-lycopene was purchased from Huabei pharmaceutical factory; phytofluene and phytoene(a mixture of E/Z isomers) were purchased from Carotenature, Switzerland; methanol, acetonitrile, and methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE) for chromatography were HPLC grade purchased from Oceanpak, Sweden; ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, and acetone for extraction were analytical grade purchased from Sinopharm, China. Methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), butyl isothiocyanate (BITC), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) were purchased from Aladdin, China, and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) were purchased from J&K Scientific, China.
5
Comprehensive Gastrointestinal Enzyme Analysis
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All digestive enzymes (α-amylase from porcine pancreas, pepsin from hog stomach, pancreatin from porcine pancreas, and bile extract porcine), magnesium hydroxide carbonate, calcium chloride dehydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate (99%), magnesium sulphate hexahydrate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Potassium chloride was obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Monopotassium phosphate was purchased from Acros Organics (New Jersey, USA). Butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were acquired from Scharlau Chemie S.A. (Barcelona, Spain). Lycopene, γ-carotene, δ-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, phytofluene and phytoene were obtained from Carote-Nature (Ostermundigen, Switzerland).
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