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Glucagon

Manufactured by Merck Group
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Glucagon is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and quantification of the hormone glucagon in biological samples. It functions as a standard or control material in analytical procedures.

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Lab products found in correlation

Insulin, by Merck Group (25 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (15 mentions) Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (13 mentions) Hydrocortisone, by Merck Group (9 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (8 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (7 mentions) Insulin, by Agilent Technologies (6 mentions) Hepes, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions) Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions) Leptin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Streptomycin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Corning (5 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) Penicillin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sodium pyruvate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Lipopolysaccharides (lps), by Merck Group (4 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Ghrelin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Insulin, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (3 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Mouse monoclonal anti-insulin and rabbit anti-glucagons Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (Active) ELISA Kit Glucagon-like peptide-1 (Active) ELISA Glucagon RIA kit Mouse anti-glucagon Anti-glucagon Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Mouse monoclonal anti-glucagon Anti-glucagon antibody

128 protocols using glucagon

1

Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Assay

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Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) tests were performed with batches of 3–4 islets. Hand-picked islets (similar size) were incubated at 37°C for 1 hour, in 1 mL Krebs buffer containing glucose either 1 mM or 15 mM. At the end of the incubation, the culture supernatant was collected for measurement of insulin (homemade assay40 (link) and glucagon (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA), and islets were collected and sonicated in 10 mmol/l Tris, 0.2 mol/l NaCl and 10 mmol/l EDTA for measurement of their DNA, insulin, and glucagon content. All secretion experiments were carried out in duplicate.
Ramirez M., Bastien E., Chae H., Gianello P., Gilon P, & Bouzin C. (2024). 3D evaluation of the extracellular matrix of hypoxic pancreatic islets using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Islets, 16(1), 2298518.
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2

Cryopreserved Primary Human Hepatocytes

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Cryopreserved PHH donors were purchased from BioIVT (BGW, UBV, GEB, WWL, JLO, LFQ, YWE, BDU, OQA, and FZQ) and Life Technologies (8373, 2096, 8350, 8300, 8391, and 3339). Both vendors permitted to sell products derived from human organs procured in the United States by federally designated Organ Procurement Organizations. Donor demographics are detailed in fig. S1E. Hepatocytes were maintained using standard hepatocyte medium [high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM with l-glutamine, Corning)] with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gemini), 1% (v/v) ITS+ (insulin/ human transferrin/selenous acid and linoleic acid) premix (BD Biosciences), glucagon (7 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), dexamethasone (40 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), 15 mM Hepes (Gibco), and 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin (Corning). To synchronize the hepatocytes and visualize the cyclic expression of Bmal1, the cultures were placed in “circadian medium” [non-Hepes–buffered CO2-independent medium (COI; Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 10% (v/v) FBS (Gemini), 1% (v/v) ITS+ premix (BD Biosciences), and glucagon (7 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) (fig. S1A)].
3T3-J2 male murine embryonic fibroblasts (gift of H. Green, Harvard Medical School) were cultured at <18 passages in fibroblast medium composing of DMEM with high glucose, 10% (v/v) bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin (Corning).
March S., Nerurkar N., Jain A., Andrus L., Kim D., Whittaker C.A., Tan E.K., Thiberge S., Fleming H.E., Mancio-Silva L., Rice C.M, & Bhatia S.N. (2024). Autonomous circadian rhythms in the human hepatocyte regulate hepatic drug metabolism and inflammatory responses. Science Advances, 10(17), eadm9281.
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3

Glucagon Microosmotic Pump Implantation

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Glucagon microosmotic pump implantation surgery was performed as described (31 (link)). Glucagon (Sigma) was dissolved in a cetrimide solution (Sigma) at a ratio of 6 mol cetrimide to 1 mol Glucagon to maintain long-term solubility (31 (link)). Glucagon solutions were made to concentrations necessary to deliver 30 or 120 μg Glucagon per day for 7-d microosmotic pumps (Alzt). Control littermates were implanted with a pump containing the same concentration of cetrimide solution alone. Briefly, animals were anesthetized and a microosmotic pump (model 1002) was implanted s.c. in the back of the mice. Blood glucose was measured using a hand-held glucometer. One week later, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and liver was collected and processed for histology and RNA preparation.
Cheng X., Kim S.Y., Okamoto H., Xin Y., Yancopoulos G.D., Murphy A.J, & Gromada J. (2018). Glucagon contributes to liver zonation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(17), E4111-E4119.
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4

Biomarker Quantification by ELISA

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Insulin (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA), total GIP (Millipore), intact GLP-1 (Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD), glucagon (Millipore), and leptin (Millipore) were measured by ELISA or AlphaLISA (insulin only) kits. Cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were measured using kits (Sigma-Aldrich).
Zhang S., Wang S., Puhl M.D., Jiang X., Hyrc K.L., Laciny E., Wallendorf M.J., Pappan K.L., Coyle J.T, & Wice B.M. (2014). Global Biochemical Profiling Identifies β-Hydroxypyruvate as a Potential Mediator of Type 2 Diabetes in Mice and Humans. Diabetes, 64(4), 1383-1394.
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5

Biochemical Analysis of Blood Samples

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Biochemical analysis was performed as previously described (Culpepper et al. 2016 (link)). Blood was analyzed immediately after collection for pH, O2, CO2, and hemoglobin (ABL825; Radiometer America Inc.; Brea, CA, USA), as well as plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate (YSI 2700 biochemistry analyzer; Yellow Springs Instruments; Yellow Springs, OH, USA). Additional plasma was stored at −80°C for measurement of insulin (intra- and inter-assay CVs 5.6% and 4.7%, respectively), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-I; intra- and inter-assay CVs 3.1% and 5.6%, respectively), and cortisol (intra- and inter-assay CVs 5.6% and 4.7%, respectively) by ELISA (ALPCO Immunoassays; Salem, NH, USA); glucagon by radioimmunoassay (intra- and inter-assay CVs 4.8% and 11.7%, respectively; Millipore; Burlington, MA, USA) and norepinephrine by HPLC (intra- and inter-assay CVs 9.2% and 9.0%, respectively).
Boehmer B.H., Baker PR I.I., Brown L.D., Wesolowski S.R, & Rozance P.J. (2020). Leucine acutely potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in fetal sheep. The Journal of endocrinology, 247(1), 115-126.
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6

Metabolic Profiling in Aging Mice

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Starting at 21 days of age, animals were singly housed. Blood glucose and body weight were monitored weekly in these animals starting at 28 days. Beginning at 10 weeks of age, glucose homeostasis was examined by glucose tolerance test (GTT; 2 g/kg, IP), insulin tolerance test (ITT; 1.2 units/kg Humulin (Eli Lilly), IP) and 2DG (Sigma) challenge (250 or 500 mg/kg, IP). The animals were allowed at least 10 days of recovery prior to each challenge. Mice were fasted for four hours prior to each challenge: Food was removed following lights on and testing followed four hours later. Tail vein blood was collected for the measurement of glucose (one touch ultra 2 glucocometer (Johnson and Johnson)). Plasma or serum was prepared from larger volume samples and stored at −20°C for later assay. Samples for the determination of epinephrine concentrations were obtained from animals with an arterial catheter (placed by the UM Animal Phenotyping Core (APC)). Glucagon (Millipore) and Glucocorticoid (MP Biomedicals) levels were determined via radioimmunoassay, while insulin and leptin were determined via multiplex assay (Millipore).
Flak J.N., Patterson C.M., Garfield A.S., D’Agostino G., Goforth P.B., Sutton A.K., Malec P.A., Wong J.M., Germani M., Jones J.C., Rajala M., Satin L., Rhodes C.J., Olson D.P., Kennedy R.T., Heisler L.K, & Myers MG J.r. (2014). Leptin-inhibited PBN neurons enhance counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia in negative energy balance. Nature neuroscience, 17(12), 1744-1750.
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7

Biochemical Measurements in Plasma

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Plasma insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and c-peptide (Millipore, St. Louis, USA) were measured by the Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center’s (DRTC) hormone assay and analytical services core. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method (ref. 22 ; Beckman Instruments). Glycerol and lactate23 (link) and plasma specific activity20 (link) were measured as described previously and free fatty acids were measured using a commercially available kit (NEFA-HR kit; Wako Chemicals; Osaka, Japan).
Gregory J.M., Muldowney J.A., Engelhardt B.G., Tyree R., Marks-Shulman P., Silver H.J., Donahue E.P., Edgerton D.S, & Winnick J.J. (2019). Aerobic exercise training improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity, but reduces splanchnic glucose uptake in obese humans with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes, 9, 25.
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8

Metabolic Profiling in Aging Mice

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Starting at 21 days of age, animals were singly housed. Blood glucose and body weight were monitored weekly in these animals starting at 28 days. Beginning at 10 weeks of age, glucose homeostasis was examined by glucose tolerance test (GTT; 2 g/kg, IP), insulin tolerance test (ITT; 1.2 units/kg Humulin (Eli Lilly), IP) and 2DG (Sigma) challenge (250 or 500 mg/kg, IP). The animals were allowed at least 10 days of recovery prior to each challenge. Mice were fasted for four hours prior to each challenge: Food was removed following lights on and testing followed four hours later. Tail vein blood was collected for the measurement of glucose (one touch ultra 2 glucocometer (Johnson and Johnson)). Plasma or serum was prepared from larger volume samples and stored at −20°C for later assay. Samples for the determination of epinephrine concentrations were obtained from animals with an arterial catheter (placed by the UM Animal Phenotyping Core (APC)). Glucagon (Millipore) and Glucocorticoid (MP Biomedicals) levels were determined via radioimmunoassay, while insulin and leptin were determined via multiplex assay (Millipore).
Flak J.N., Patterson C.M., Garfield A.S., D’Agostino G., Goforth P.B., Sutton A.K., Malec P.A., Wong J.M., Germani M., Jones J.C., Rajala M., Satin L., Rhodes C.J., Olson D.P., Kennedy R.T., Heisler L.K, & Myers MG J.r. (2014). Leptin-inhibited PBN neurons enhance counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia in negative energy balance. Nature neuroscience, 17(12), 1744-1750.
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9

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel Analysis

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Glucose was analyzed at University of Wisconsin Hospital Clinical Lab. Analysis of hormone levels was done with the following ELISA kits from Millipore: Human Insulin-# EZHI-14K, Human C-peptide-# EZHCP-20K, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (active)-#EGLP-35K, Human GIP (total)-# EZHGIP-54K, Human Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)-# EZHPP40K, Human PYY (total)-# EZHPYYT66K. Glucagon was measured with an RIA kit from Millipore: Glucagon-#GL-32K. Some analyses of GIP, PP, and PYY were done with Millipore Milliplex multi-analyte profiling #HGT69K. Internal quality control ensured that samples run with Milliplex vs. single ELISA assay gave similar results. The samples run with Milliplex were equally distributed throughout the groups (RYGB vs. G-tube vs. Reversal).
Davis D.B., Khoraki J., Ziemelis M., Sirinvaravong S., Han J.Y, & Campos G.M. (2018). Roux en Y gastric bypass hypoglycemia resolves with gastric feeding or reversal: Confirming a non-pancreatic etiology. Molecular Metabolism, 9, 15-27.
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10

Biomarker Evaluation in Diabetes

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Glycohemoglobin was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)(Tosho 2.2; Tosho Bioscience), and potassium, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were measured in the clinical laboratory of the Joslin Diabetes Center (Beckman Synchron CX9). Serum glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method (YSI 2300 STAT). Immunoassays were performed in duplicate in Joslin’s Specialized Assay Core Facility (DERC) using commercial assay kits for total insulin, measuring both endogenous (secreted) and exogenous (administered) insulin, and C-peptide (RIA; Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Webster, TX, USA), with endogenous serum insulin assayed using an ELISA that would not detect the administered B28-Asp insulin (DAKO Insulin ELISA; DakoCytomation, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Additional assays included serum free fatty acids (FFA; NEFA ELISA, Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA, USA), proinsulin (total proinsulin, Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden), cortisol (Diasorin, Saluggia, Italy), and glucagon (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).
Halperin F., Mezza T., Li P., Shirakawa J., Kulkarni R.N, & Goldfine A.B. (2022). Insulin Regulates Arginine-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Humans. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 128, 155117.
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