The conditioning stimuli of ES and MS were delivered to the right index finger. ES was delivered by an electrical stimulator (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) and ring electrodes at an intensity of three times the perceptual sensory thresholds, with a 0.2 ms square wave [5 (link)]. The stimulating cathode electrode was placed immediately distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint, with the anode electrode placed immediately distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint [5 (link),19 (link)]. MS was delivered by piezoelectric actuators (TI-1101; KGS, Saitama, Japan) and four tiny plastic pins as follows: diameter, 1.3 mm; height of the protrusion, 0.8 mm and pushing force, 0.031–0.12 N/pin [18 (link),29 (link),30 (link)]. The distance between the pins was set at 2.4 mm. An MS with a protruding duration of 1 ms was applied to the tip of the right index finger. This device was used in a previous study [18 (link)] and was shown to clearly evoke the cortical response after stimulation.
Sen 8203
Manufactured by Nihon Kohden
Sourced in Japan, Israel
The SEN-8203 is a benchtop laboratory instrument designed for the measurement and analysis of biological samples. It is a compact and versatile device that provides accurate and reliable results. The core function of the SEN-8203 is to perform various analytical tasks, such as spectrophotometric measurements, within a laboratory setting. The specific details and intended use of this product are not available in this factual and unbiased description.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ss 104j, by Nihon Kohden (5 mentions)
Sm 25a, by Narishige (2 mentions)
Ne 101, by Nihon Kohden (2 mentions)
Spike2, by Cambridge Electronic Design (1 mentions)
Em ccd, by Hamamatsu Photonics (1 mentions)
Aquacosmos software, by Hamamatsu Photonics (1 mentions)
Vitrode f 150s, by Nihon Kohden (1 mentions)
Ss 202j, by Nihon Kohden (1 mentions)
Ss 104j isolator, by Nihon Kohden (1 mentions)
Neuropack σ, by Nihon Kohden (1 mentions)
Vectorview, by Elekta (1 mentions)
24 protocols using sen 8203
1
Multisensory Stimulation Protocol for Neurological Assessment
2
Conditioning Motor Evoked Potentials Using Ulnar Nerve Stimulation
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A total of 10 subjects (age, 22.4 ± 1.6 years) participated in this experiment. Conditioning MEPs were measured in response to TMS delivered 22 ms after ulnar nerve stimulation (Teo, Terranova, Swayne, Greenwood, & Rothwell, 2009 ; Tokimura et al., 2000 ). We used an electrical stimulator (SEN‐8203, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) and bar‐type stimulation electrode (length, 55 mm; width, 15 mm; electrode distance, 20 mm) to deliver square pulse stimuli through a bipolar stimulation probe fixed over the ulnar nerve at the wrist with the cathode positioned proximally. The stimulation electrode was firmly fixed by Velcro tape. Additionally, the position of the stimulus electrode was marked with a pen, and the fact that the electrode position did not shift before and after the motor task was confirmed. The stimulus was set at the lowest intensity required to produce an M wave (50 μV) at a pulse duration of 0.2 ms (11.0 ± 4.1 mA). The TMS intensity was set at 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, and 130%RMT.
3
Electro-acupuncture for Formalin-induced Pain
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The rats were placed in acrylic chambers (width × length × height: 15.0 × 5.0 × 5.5 cm) for half an hour immediately before formalin injection. EA treatment was performed on the 36th (ST36, Zu San Li) acupoint stimulation using an electrostimulator (SEN-8203; Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). A stainless-steel needle (diameter, 0.20 mm; length, 30 mm; Seirin Co., Shizuoka, Japan) was used for the EA treatment. The ST36 acupoint was located below the knee, on the tibialis anterior muscle, along the stomach meridian (Figure S1 ) [37 (link)]. Acupuncture needles were inserted 10 mm in the muscle layer of the bilateral selected acupoints and connected by their handles to an electrostimulator. EA was performed by passing a square-wave pulse current between the two needles, and the parameters of electrical stimulation were as follows: duration, 0.1 ms; intensity, 15 mA; frequency for 30 min, 4 Hz.
4
Reciprocal Inhibition Measurement Protocol
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The RI measurement method is described in detail in our previous publications [12 (link)–14 (link)]. Briefly, an electrical stimulation device (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) was used to apply electrical stimulation (1 ms duration, square wave) via an isolator (SS-104J, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). We measured the RI of the pathway that inhibits Sol (test stimulus) from TA (conditional stimulus). The conditioned stimulus stimulated the common fibular nerve, which is the dominant nerve of TA, and the stimulus intensity was set to the M wave threshold (≤ 100 µV). The test stimulus stimulated the tibial nerve, which is the dominant nerve of Sol, and the stimulus intensity was set to achieve a Sol H-reflex amplitude value of 15–25% of the maximum M wave amplitude value (Mmax). The RI stimulation conditions were a 2 ms conditioning stimulation-test stimulation interval (CT-interval 2 ms), a 20 ms conditioning stimulation-test stimulation interval (CT-interval 20 ms), and a test stimulus without a conditioned stimulus (single). The stimulation frequency was 0.3 Hz. The CT-interval 2 ms generates the largest amount of reciprocal Ia inhibition [36 (link), 37 (link)], and CT-interval 20 ms generates the largest amount of D1 inhibition [36 (link)].
5
Auditory Stimuli and Reward System Activation
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Prior to five daily discriminative conditioning sessions, baseline responses of DC potentials to auditory stimuli were recorded. During the 1-h recordings, tones of 7 kHz or 11 kHz with 85 dBSPL and 100 ms duration (with the rise and fall being 5 ms) and electrical stimulations to the MFB, traditionally used as the region to activate the brain reward system, were presented independently. Each tone was presented randomly with an equal ratio and at a mean interval of 12 s, ranging from 10 to 14 s. These two-tone auditory signals were output from a speaker installed in a soundproof box via a signal processor (RM1, Tucker-Davis Technologies (TDT), USA) using a real-time processor visual design studio (RPvds, TDT, USA). Electrical stimulations (100 μA, 10 ms duration, 20 times with the inter-stimulus interval of 20 ms) to the MFB were presented via an isolator (SS-104J, Nihon Kohden, Japan) connected to a stimulator (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden, Japan). The two tones and electrical stimuli were delivered 150 times using Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK).
6
Cardiomyocyte Calcium Imaging Protocol
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The isolated cardiomyocytes were loaded for 10 min with 10 μM indo-1 AM, and then placed on the stage of an inverted microscope (IX 71, Olympus) adapted for epifluorescence. Cells were continuously superfused with Tyrode solution at a constant flow of 1 ml/min. Myocyte contraction was produced by field stimulation at 1 Hz with two platinum electrodes (square waves, 2-ms duration, and 20% above threshold), which were connected to a stimulator (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden) with a bath drive amplifier (Nihon Kohden). The excitation light was centered at 340 nm, and emission was collected at 405 and 480 nm, with an 8 ms-temporal resolution, using a cooled fast CCD camera (EMCCD, Hamamatsu photonics K.K., Japan) as described previously [21] . The data were stored directly on the hard drive and further processed with AQUACOSMOS software (Hamamatsu photonics).
7
Ulnar Nerve Stimulation for M-wave
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Electrical stimulation with a single rectangular pulse for 200 μs was delivered to the right ulnar nerve at the wrist with a pulse regulating system (SEN-8203; Nihon Kohden Corporation) and isolator (SS-104J; Nihon Kohden Corporation). A pair of surface electrodes (Vitrode F-150S, Nihon Kohden Corporation) was carefully placed on the optimal site for evoking a larger direct motor (M-) wave in the FDI at the lowest stimulus intensity. The stimulus intensity of the ulnar nerve stimulation was expressed as multiplies of the motor threshold (MT) of the FDI. The MT was defined as the minimum stimulus intensity that evoked an M-wave and twitch, which was confirmed by tendon palpation.
8
Electrocutaneous Stimulus Pain Threshold
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A nociceptive electrocutaneous stimulus (10-ms duration, 50 Hz) was administered by a commercial constant current stimulator (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo) through two surface electrodes (34-mm diameter). The electrodes were attached to the wrist of the subject’s dominant hand. The location of the stimulation site remained the same throughout the experiment.
During the calibration procedure, each subject received electrocutaneous stimuli of gradually increasing intensity and was asked to indicate how painful the stimulus was on an NRS ranging from 0 (“I feel something but this is not painful, it is merely a sensation”) up to 10 (“This is the worst tolerable pain I can imagine”). Each subject was tested this way five times, and the intensity of the pain stimulus used in the trials was the average of these values.
During the calibration procedure, each subject received electrocutaneous stimuli of gradually increasing intensity and was asked to indicate how painful the stimulus was on an NRS ranging from 0 (“I feel something but this is not painful, it is merely a sensation”) up to 10 (“This is the worst tolerable pain I can imagine”). Each subject was tested this way five times, and the intensity of the pain stimulus used in the trials was the average of these values.
9
Median Nerve Electrical Stimulation for EMG
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Electrical pulses (0.2-ms square wave constant current pulses) were delivered through bar electrodes to the right median nerve at the wrist using an electrical generator (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). M- and F-waves were recorded from right APB using surface EMG. Stimulus intensity was 120% of the stimulus strength required to produce maximum M-wave.
10
Optogenetic Identification of Projection Neurons
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We performed the Multi-Linc (multi-areal/multineuronal light-induced collision) method to effectively identify the pyramidal neurons sending direct projections to specific areas by combining multi-areal optogenetic stimulation and multi-neuronal recordings. Details of this procedure were described previously (Saiki et al., 2018) . Briefly, prior to the insertion of silicon probes, the optical fibers (FT400EMT, FC, Thorlabs, NJ, USA; NA, 0.39; internal/external diameters, 400/425 μm) for stimulation were vertically inserted into the mPFC (4,100 μm deep) and CA1 (2,300 μm deep) using micromanipulators (SM-25A, Narishige). To evoke antidromic spikes in specific axonal projections from the LEC neurons (mPFC-and CA1-projecting cells), a blue LED light pulse (intensity, 5-10 mW; duration, 0.5-2 ms, typically 1 ms) was applied through each of the two optical fibers using an ultra-high-power LED light source (UHP-Mic-LED-460, FC, Prizmatix Ltd., Givat-Shmuel, Israel) and a stimulator (SEN-8203, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). To be classified as projecting neurons, neurons were required to meet several criteria, including constant latency, fixed frequency (frequency-following test, two pulses at 100 and 200 Hz), and collision test (Lipski, 1981; Soma et al., 2017; Nonomura et al., 2018; Saiki et al., 2018; Rios et al., 2019) .
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