A micrometre-sized spherical indenter made of borosilicate glass (radius, r = 5 µm, 02715-AB; SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA) was used to measure the overall stiffness properties of the various structural elements composing AC, as well as the overall stiffness contributed by the electrospun fibril meshwork. The spherical probe was glued onto tipless rectangular cantilever (spring constant, kc ∼6 N/m, type All In One-TL; BudgetSensors, Sofia, Bulgaria). Measurements by indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM; MFP-3D; Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) were carried out in PBS solution following protocols developed by our group.39 (link)–41 (link, link) A maximum deflection of 100 nm was employed, corresponding to a load of ∼600 nN. Cyclic load-displacement curves were recorded at 0.5 Hz. Each individual data set consisted of 1024 load-displacement curves in a 32 × 32 curve grid, covering a sample area of 30 × 30 µm, at three different locations. The indentation depths were less than 10% of the overall sample thickness. The stiffness of sample, E, was calculated from equation (1).
All in one tl
Manufactured by Budget Sensors
Sourced in Bulgaria
The All In One-TL is a multi-purpose lab equipment product from Budget Sensors. It serves as a general-purpose tool for various laboratory applications. The core function of the All In One-TL is to provide a versatile platform for conducting experiments and analyses in a controlled laboratory setting.
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2 protocols using all in one tl
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Measuring Articular Cartilage Stiffness
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Measuring Tissue Stiffness by IT-AFM
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Stiffness was measured by indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM; MFP-3D; Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) in PBS solution following protocols developed by our group. [38] [39] [40] Spherical probes were prepared by gluing hard borosilicate glass spheres (radius, r ¼ 5 mm, 02715-AB; SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA) onto tipless rectangular cantilever (spring constant, k c $6 N/m, type All In One-TL; BudgetSensors, Sofia, Bulgaria). A maximum deflection of 100 nm was employed, corresponding to a load of $600 nN. Cyclic load-displacement curves were recorded at 0.5 Hz. Each individual data set consisted of 1024 load-displacement curves in a 32 Â 32 curve grid, covering a sample area of 30 Â 30 mm, at three different locations. The indentation depths were less than 10% of the overall sample thickness. 41 The stiffness of sample, E, was calculated from equation (1). 42
where is the Poisson's ratio of the sample, S is the contact stiffness with the dimension of force per unit depth, A is the projected contact area.
where is the Poisson's ratio of the sample, S is the contact stiffness with the dimension of force per unit depth, A is the projected contact area.
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