For cell lysates of infected A549 or MDCK cells, they were prepared using RIPA buffer (Millipore, Massachusetts, USA), and the concentrations were determined with BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, Illinois, USA). About 20μg protein aliquots were separated and transferred to nitrocellulose filter membranes. Rabbit anti-Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein antibody (GeneTex, California, USA) and mouse anti-β actin monoclonal antibody (ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China) at a dilution of 1:1,000 were used as primary antibodies.
After incubation with appropriate secondary antibodies including Goat anti-rabbit IgG-680 (1:10,000; LI-COR, Nebraska, USA) and goat anti-mouse IgG-680 (1:10,000; LI-COR, Nebraska, USA), the blots were examined using a Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR, Nebraska, USA).