Transthoracic echocardiography was performed after 2 weeks of BLEO instillation to assess ventricular dimensions and cardiac function using a GE Vivid7 ultrasound machine with a 12-MHz transducer (GE Healthcare, NJ, USA). Following echocardiography, the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured as described previously (Rathinasabapathy et al., 2016 (link)). Subsequently, animals were sacrificed and organs were harvested for RNA, histology and hypertrophy assessments. Right ventricular hypertrophy [RVH = RV/(LV+S)] was calculated as the ratio of wet weight of right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle + intra-ventricular septum (LV+S).
12 mhz transducer
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United Kingdom
The 12-MHz transducer is a medical imaging device used for high-frequency ultrasound imaging. It is designed to produce high-resolution images of small, superficial structures within the body.
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5 protocols using 12 mhz transducer
1
Echocardiography and Ventricular Hypertrophy
2
Echocardiography Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension
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The Doppler echo parameter 'pulmonary artery acceleration time' (PAAT) is negatively correlated with the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) measured invasively, namely increased pulmonary hypertension or an increase in PAP as judged by a decreased PAAT (28 (link),29 (link)). Therefore, PAAT is considered as an echocardiographic indicator of PH (30 (link)). PH was also assessed using Doppler echocardiography at day 28 of the study. Transthoracic closed-chest echocardiography was performed by an experienced doctor using a Vivid E9 ultrasound system equipped with a 12-MHz transducer (GE Healthcare). Rats were anesthetized by i.p. injection of 3% sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) and placed in a shallow left lateral decubitus position, and an ultrasound gel was applied to the shaved chest. Blood flow through the pulmonary artery and PAAT were measured in the two-dimensional short-axis parasternal view by M-mode and Pulsed-wave Doppler at the level of the pulmonary valve. Papillary muscles were used as the reference point for echocardiography measurements. PAAT was measured from the onset of systolic flow to peak pulmonary outflow velocity according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines (31 (link)). The acquisition of Echo images and all the echocardiographic analyses were performed using Echopac BT11 software (v.6.5; GE Healthcare).
3
Cardiac Function Assessment in Rats
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Cardiac function was assessed using an echocardiography system equipped with a 12 MHz transducer (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) every week. The LV dimensions were measured, and LV ejection fraction was calculated as (LVDd3 − LVDs3)/LVDd3 × 100, where LVDd and LVDs are the LV end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions, respectively. The rats were housed in a temperature-controlled incubator for 56 days after treatment to determine survival.
4
Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation Measurement
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Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery according to standard guidelines23 (link) as previously reported22 (link) using a Vivid iq ultrasound unit with a 12 MHz transducer (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) and cuff inflation to 200 mmHg for 5 min. Images were captured at 60 seconds after cuff deflation during reactive hyperaemia to record maximum artery diameter dilation. Images were analysed using automatic edge-detection software (Brachial Analyser, Medical Imaging Applications, Iowa City, US) by a single researcher blinded to treatment allocation, and quality checked by an independent technician. Before each postprandial measurement, participants rested in a supine position for 10 min. % FMD was calculated as the % change in post-occlusion diameter from the pre-occlusion diameter. Intra-observer CVs for repeat measurements within the same day were 3.8–7.7%.
5
Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension
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The Doppler echo parameter, pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) is considered an echocardiographic indicator of PH (27 (link)). PAAT is the time interval between the onset of systolic pulmonary arterial flow and peak flow velocity. Previous studies have demonstrated that PAAT is inversely proportional to pulmonary vascular resistance (28 (link)-30 (link)). If the pulmonary vascular resistance increases, the pulmonary artery pressure also increases. Doppler echocardiography was used to assess PH on the 28th day following model establishment in the SD rats. A transthoracic closed-chest echocardiography was performed using a Vivid E9 ultrasound system equipped with a 12-MHz transducer (GE Healthcare; Cytiva). The rats were anesthetized by administering an i.p. injection of 3% sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg). PAAT was measured near the pulmonary valve on the left side of the chest. EchoPAC™ BT11 software (v.6.5; GE Healthcare; Cytiva) was used to analyze the data.
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