Anti pthr172 5 amp activated protein kinase ampk

3,3-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Guinea pig antihuman insulin and rabbit antiglucagon were obtained from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG) cholesterol (CHO), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were purchased from Bio-Rad variant II turbo (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), liver glycogen phosphorylase (LGP), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1α), citrate synthase (CS), glucokinase (GK), mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and β-actin oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Bioneer Corp. (Daejeon, Korea). Anti-β-actin, GLUT2, and GLUT4 antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-pThr172–5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and antiAMPK antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Standard ginsenosides were purchased from Ambo institute (Daejeon, Republic of Korea).

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC, Fig 1) was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA). Silymarin (SIL) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Anti-β-actin, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α, γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), fatty acid synthase (FAS) antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibodies and biotinylated antibodies for mouse IL-6 and TNF-α were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Anti-pThr172- 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and anti-AMPK antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). SREBP-1c, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, and GAPDH oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Bioneer Corp. (Daejeon, Korea).