Rosiglitazone rsg

Both acacetin and the water-soluble acacetin prodrug were kindly provided by Dr. Gui-Rong Li from Nanjing Amazigh Pharma Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The synthesis process and in vivo conversion of the acacetin prodrug were reported previously [23 (link),24 (link)]. APAP, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), MTT, rosiglitazone (RSG), and GW9662 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). For the cell experiment, acacetin was dissolved with DMSO in a concentration of 30 mM and stored at −20 °C.

HepG2 cells were purchased from Landbiology (Guangzhou, China, lot: HB-8065). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was bought from GIBCO (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA, lot: 8114176). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Biological Industries (Israel, lot: 1415878). NF-κB, IRS1, and GLUT4 antibodies were from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, UK, lot: GR165665-1; GR95405-9; GR56566-1). Rosiglitazone (RSG) was bought from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA, lot: R2408-10 mg). Sodium oleate was bought from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan, lot: W76EC-0J). All other reagents were analytical grade. A GOD-POD kit was purchased from Biosino Bio-Technology and Science Inc. (Beijing, China, lot: 143271). ELISA kits were bought from Raybiotech Inc. (Norcross, GA, USA, Human TNF-α, lot: 0926140193; human IL-6, lot: 0926140140). Oleanolic acid (OA) was purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China, lot: 110709-200505).

Beta-catenin activator LiCl was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and used in 10 mM concentration [41 (link)]. Purified, recombinant human Wnt5a and Wnt11 (Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line, CHO-derived Gln38-Lys380) protein was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, USA) and used at a concentration of 1 μg/ml [37 (link)]. PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone (RSG) and antagonist GW9662 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA) and used at 10 μM concentrations each [42 (link), 43 (link)]. During the experiments, A549 and F11 cells were treated with 10 mM LiCl (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA), 10 μM RSG and 10 μM GW9662 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) for 48 h.