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4 protocols using t acpd

1

Characterization of Pharmacological Agents

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All chemicals of analytical grade were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). ODQ, MOPS, BSA, and glutamate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). PPADS and t-ACPD were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK); SNAP and RuR from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA, USA); 10Panx and 37,43Gap27 from Genscript (Israel). SNAP was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and then, was diluted in buffer solution to reach the final working concentration. The vehicle of SNAP did not have effect per se (data not shown).
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2

Detailed Pharmacological Reagent Protocol

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DNQX, gabazine, DL-AP5, XE991, muscarine, t-ACPD, CPCCOet, and MPEP were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Potassium gluconate, flufenamic acid (FFA), and the other substances used for preparing the solutions were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Norway AS (Oslo, Norway). All chemicals tested in the experiments were bath applied at a superfusion rate of ~2 ml min−1.
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3

Pharmacological Modulation of Neural Signaling

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The following concentrations of each pharmacological reagent were used for experiments as indicated in the text: tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX, 1 µM, Hello Bio); carbenoxolone disodium (CBX, 50 µM, Tocris Bioscience); R(+)-baclofen hydrochloride (5–100 µM, Sigma-Aldrich); (1S,3R)-ACPD (t-ACPD, 5–100 µM, Tocris); LY379268 disodium salt (100 µM, Tocris); Alexa Fluor 594 hydrazide (0.1–2 µM, Thermo Fisher Scientific); RuBi GABA trimethylphosphine (RuBi-GABA-Pme3, 300 µM, Tocris); RuBi–Glutamate (300 µM, Tocris); CGP 55845 hydrocholoride (10 µM, Tocris); and LY341495 (10 µM, Tocris).
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4

Pharmacological Tools for Synaptic Modulation

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t-ACPD, DHPG and ATP (Sigma) were applied by pressure-application through a patch pipette. Other agonists and blockers were applied through the bath perfusion. t-ACPD, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP); 2,3-dioxo−6-nitro−1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX); d-(−)−2-amino−5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-APV), 6-imino−3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1(6H)-pyridazinebutanoic acid hydrobromide (SR95531), 7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxylate ethyl ester (CPCCOEt), tetrodotoxin (TTX), dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA), (3S)-3-[[3-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]-l-aspartic acid (TFB-TBOA), (S)−3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) were purchased from Tocris or Abcam. We thank W. Fröstle for the kind gift of CGP55845A (3-[1-(S)-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino−2(S)hydroxypropyl-P-benzyl-phosphonic acid).
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