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7 protocols using probenecid

1

Calcein-AM Uptake Assay with Probenecid

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Raji cells were washed with RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS. After cell counting, cells were resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS diluted to 5 × 10 4 cells/mL. After centrifuging the suspension and removal of supernatant, 10% FBS RPMI-1640 medium containing calcein-AM (Dojindo) was added to be 1 mL (final concentration: 0.5 μM) and incubate at 37 °C under 5% CO2 for 30 min. Then, the suspension was centrifuged to remove the supernatant and 10% FBS RPMI-1640 medium containing probenecid (Fujifilm Wako) was added (1 mL) to be a various final concentration (2.5 × 10 -7 -2.5 × 10 -3 M).
After centrifugation and removal of supernatant, probenecid solution was added again (1 mL). This suspension was seeded to 96-well U-bottom plates (Grainer Bio-One) at 200 μL each (1.0 × 10 4 cells/well). After incubation at 37 °C under 5% CO2 for 5 hours, the plates were centrifuged (200 × g, 5 min) and 100 μL of the supernatant was transferred to a new 96-well F-bottom plate (Grainer Bio-One). The fluorescence (Excitation: 490 nm, Emission: 530 nm) was measured using the Infinite® 200 PRO M Plex (TECAN).
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2

Prostanoid and Nucleotide Quantification

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All prostanoids (PGE3, PGF, TXB3, PGE2, PGF, and TXB2), deuterated prostanoids (PGE2-d4, PGF-d4, and TXB2-d4), and EPA were purchased from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI). Calcium ionophore A23187 and indomethacin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) disodium salt hydrate, 5′-adenylic acid (AMP), and sodium creatine phosphate hydrate were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Creatine kinase was purchased from Roche Applied Science (Tokyo, Japan). Dipyridamole, probenecid, quercetin, methotrexate, and folic acid were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). MK571, celecoxib, candesartan, estradiol 17β-glucronide (E217βG), adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other chemicals were of the highest purity available.
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3

Ciliary Beat Frequency Modulation

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Carbenoxolone (a pannexin-1 blocker) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cinnamaldehyde (a TRPA1 agonist), l-menthol (a TRPM8 agonist) and probenecid (a pannexin-1 blocker) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Fluo-8 acetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-8 AM) was bought from AAT Bioquest (Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Cinnamaldehyde, l-menthol, probenecid and Fluo-8 AM were each dissolved in DMSO to make a ×1000 concentrated stock solution. Carbenoxolone was dissolved in distilled water to make a ×1000 concentrated stock solution. The final concentration of DMSO was 0–0.2%. Our previous investigation had confirmed that 0.1–0.2% DMSO does not significantly change the baseline ciliary beat frequency (CBF) [7 (link), 8 (link)].
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4

Antioxidant and Apoptosis Regulation

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l-Ascorbic acid and probenecid were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). MnTMPyP was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Caspase-3 antibody, caspase-9 antibody, goat horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and goat HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly, MA). Purified mouse anti-p67 and purified mouse anti-flotillin-1 were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Mouse anti-β-actin antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA). Unless otherwise stated, all other reagents were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All chemicals used were of the highest purity available.
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5

Plasmid Vectors for Organic Anion Transport

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Plasmid
vectors pTCN-empty and pTCN-hOAT1,
pTCN-hOAT3, pTCN-rOat1, and pTCN-rOat3 were from transOMIC (Huntsville,
AL, USA). 6-CF was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
EGCG was obtained from Nagara Science (Gifu, Japan). Adefovir, p-aminohippurate, methotrexate, phenolsulfonphthalein, probenecid,
PGE2, and TEA were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical
Corporation (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals used were of the highest
purity available.
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6

Purinergic Receptor Signaling Exploration

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Probenecid and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (equivalent to Tween-20) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). 5-BDBD, AZ11645373, MRS2179, MRS2578, NF157 and MRS2211 were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). BAPTA-AM solution was purchased from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan). SQ22536 was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Phospho-Akt rabbit monoclonal antibody (#4060), Akt rabbit monoclonal antibody (#4691), goat horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (#7074) and goat HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (#7076) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly, MA). Anti-P2X7 receptor antibody (APR-004), anti-P2Y11 receptor antibody (APR-015) and anti-P2Y13 receptor antibody (APR-017) were purchased from Alomone Labs (Jerusalem, Israel). Mouse anti-β-actin antibody (sc-47778) and goat anti-rabbit IgG-FITC (sc-2012) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-connexin 43 antibody (ab11370) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Panx1 polyclonal antibody (12595-1-AP) was purchased from Proteintech, Inc (Chicago, IL). Unless otherwise stated, all other reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). All other chemicals used were of the highest purity available.
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7

Uptake and Transport Assay Protocols

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The RPTECs were purchased from LONZA (Walkersville, MD). Unlabeled cimetidine, digoxin, and furosemide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Metformin hydrochloride, probenecid and cisplatin were purchased from Fujifilm Wako (Osaka, Japan).
Pyrimethamine was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA) and zosuquidar was purchased from Cellagen Technology (San Diego, CA). Adefovir was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). [ 3 H]adefovir was purchased from Moravek Inc. (Brea, CA). All other chemicals and reagents were commercially available and of analytical grade.
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