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4 protocols using protectin dx

1

Protectin DX Modulates Inflammatory Signaling

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Protectin DX, LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), and H89 (PKA inhibitor) were from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). LPS (Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α, myeloperoxidase, and cAMP ELISA kits were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). BOC-2 (ALX inhibitor), Rp-cAMP (cAMP inhibitor), and Rp-cGMP (cGMP inhibitor) were obtained from Biomol-Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY). Anti-Na, K-ATPase α1 and β1 antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), and anti-sodium channel α, β, and γ antibodies were purchased from Biorbyt (Cambridge, Cambridgeshire). Anti-P-Akt, total Akt (T-Akt), and Nedd4–2 antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA).
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2

Pharmacological Modulation of Lipid Mediators

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Protectin DX, NS-398(selective COX-2 inhibitor), AT-56 (L-PGDS inhibitor), BW245C (DP1 receptor agonist), 15(R)-15-methyl-PGD2(CRTH2/DP2 receptor agonist), MK-0524(DP1 receptor antagonist) and CAY-10471(CRTH2/DP2 receptor antagonist) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), Lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O55: B5), BOC-2 (ALX/FPR2 receptor inhibitor) were purchased from Biomol/Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA).
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3

Protectin DX Preparation and Inhibitor Use

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Protectin DX was purchased from Cayman Chemical. The chemical structure of PDX was shown in Figure 1D. PDX was dissolved in ethanol as supplied by the manufacturer and was stored at −80°C. Before use, ethanol was evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen; then, PDX was dissolved immediately in sterile saline or culture medium to the desired concentrations. Inhibitors were used at the following concentrations according to manufacturer's instructions: LY294002 (a PI3‐kinase inhibitor) at 10 µmol/L, and BOC‐2 (N‐t‐Boc‐Phe‐Leu‐Phe‐Leu‐Phe, ALXR antagonist) at 10 µmol/L. Cells were incubated with inhibitors for 1 h prior to every treatment. Appropriate vehicle controls were used for all experiments with inhibitors.
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4

SPM Precursors and SPMs Administration

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SPM precursors and SPMs were injected as previously described at a concentration that leads to elevated levels of 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and PDX.43 (link) Briefly, 14(S)-HDHA (0.1 mg/ml), 17R-HDHA (0.1 mg/ml), and Protectin DX (0.1 mg/ml) were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI). SPMs were prepared in ethanol in the dark and kept on ice at all times. The final cocktail concentration was 900 ng per mouse (300 ng of each SPM precursor and SPM) in PBS or vehicle control (ethanol in PBS) and was administered i.p. to lean and obese mice for 4 consecutive days followed by euthanasia on day 5. Control mice were administered a vehicle control.
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