Garcinol

Manufactured by Bio-Techne

Sourced in United Kingdom

Garcinol is a naturally occurring compound extracted from the Garcinia genus of plants. It functions as a biochemical reagent for research purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

4 protocols using garcinol

Intrathecal BDNF Antagonist and Autonomic Modulators in TNBS-Induced Chronic Pain

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Thirty-two gauge catheters were inserted through the atlanto-occipital membrane and extended to LS spinal cord segment. The location of each catheter was confirmed following euthanasia. Rats received either BDNF antagonist trkB-Fc (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), 5 μg in 10 μl sterile saline or saline twice/day for seven days following adult TNBS application. Propranolol+phentolamine (50 μg each in 10 μl sterile saline) were administered in each rat daily for seven days following adult TNBS application. In separate groups of adult rats, peripheral propranolol+phentolamine cocktail was administered i.p. at 2 mg/kg each in saline once daily for seven days starting with the day of TNBS administration. Garcinol (Tocris Minneapolis, MN) was dissolved in DMSO and diluted to 4 nmol per μl in 50% DMSO/water. Garcinol was administered intrathecally via an osmotic pump (model 2001, Durect Corporation, Cupertino, CA) at a flow rate of 4 nmol per hour over a period of 7 days.

Aguirre J.E., Winston J.H, & Sarna S.K. (2017). Neonatal immune challenge followed by adult immune challenge induces epigenetic-susceptibility to aggravated visceral hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society, 29(9), 10.1111/nmo.13081.

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Excitotoxicity and AMPAR Stimulation in OPCs

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Stock solutions of L‐glutamate (100 mM, Sigma‐Aldrich Company Ltd, Dorset, UK) and AMPA (100 mM, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were prepared in distilled water, while cyclothiazide (CTZ, 100 mM, Bio‐Techne Ltd/R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK) and Garcinol (10 mM, Tocris Bioscience, Abingdon, UK) were prepared in DMSO. Drugs were diluted in Sato medium for application to Oli‐neu cells or OPC medium for experiments using pOPC. AMPA was applied with CTZ (AMPA/CTZ; both at 100 µM) for 5 hr to induce excitotoxicity (Alberdi et al., 2002), or at 200 µM (without CTZ) for 24 hr for non‐pathological AMPAR stimulation (AMPA_24h; Yuan et al., 1998). In experiments using pOPC CTZ was applied at 50 µM. Garcinol was used at 10 µM for gene expression, Western blot, and ChIP experiments. This concentration was selected based on pilot studies examining treatment with log concentrations of Garcinol (1–1,000 µM), in which concentrations >10 µM caused catastrophic cell detachment and death (data not shown). BrdU (Sigma‐Aldrich Company Ltd) stocks were prepared as described by Fannon et al. (2015).

Begum G., Otsu M., Ahmed U., Ahmed Z., Stevens A, & Fulton D. (2018). NF‐Y‐dependent regulation of glutamate receptor 4 expression and cell survival in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Glia, 66(9), 1896-1914.

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Metabolic Modulation in Jurkat T Cells

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Jurkat T cells were cultured in R10FBS supplemented with 2 mM glutamine. Chemicals and inhibitors used in this study were as follows: 2-DG (10 mM), Akti1/2 (10 μM), Osi-027 (10 μM), KU-0063794 (10 μM), Rotenone (1 μM), TTFA (200 μM), Antimycin A (2 μM), Oligomycin (0.1 or 1 μM) or 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP, 2 μM), Clotrimazol (25 μM), nocodazole (10 μM), oxamate (5 mM), methyl pyruvate (1 or 10 mM), bifonazole (25 µM), MB-3 (1, 10 µM), 2-NBDG (0.5 mM) and mitotempo (20 μM) (all from Sigma-Aldrich). TCS-2002 (10 µM), SB 204990 (3 µM) and garcinol (1, 10 µM) (Tocris) was used at 10 μM. VDAC peptides corresponding to loop 4 (LP4 - KKLETAVNLAWTAGNSN) flanked N-, and C-terminally by the tryptophan zipper motif for increased stability (SWTWE and KWTWK, respectively) were linked to tandem repeats of the DNP2 fusion peptide (KIKKVKKKGRKKIKKVKKKGRK). The complete sequence for the peptides used are: dNP2 (KIKKVKKKGRKKIKKVKKKGRKSWTWEKWTWK) and dNP2-VDAC (KIKKVKKKGRKKIKKVKKKGRKSWTWEKKLETAVNLAWTAGNSNKWTWK). Both peptides were synthesized by Biomatik.

Bantug G.R., Fischer M.G., Grählert J., Balmer M.L., Unterstab G., Develioglu L., Steiner R., Zhang L., da Costa A.S., Gubser P.M., Burgener A.V., Sauder U., Löliger J., Belle R., Dimeloe S., Lötscher J., Jauch A., Recher M., Hönger G., Hall M.N., Romero P., Frezza C, & Hess C. (2018). Mitochondria–ER contact sites are immunometabolic hubs that orchestrate the rapid recall response of memory CD8+ T cells. Immunity, 48(3), 542-555.e6.

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Erythrocyte Preservation and Garcinol Exposure

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Fresh Li-Heparin-anticoagulated blood samples were kindly provided by the blood bank of the University of Tübingen. The study is approved by the ethics committee of the University of Tübingen (184/2003 V). The blood was centrifuged at 120 g for 20 min at 21°C and the platelets and leukocytes-containing supernatant was disposed. Erythrocytes were incubated in vitro at a hematocrit of 0.4% in Ringer solution containing (in mM) 125 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1 MgSO 4 , 32 N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES; pH 7.4), 5 glucose, 1 CaCl 2 at 37°C for 24 h. Where indicated, erythrocytes were exposed to garcinol (Tocris bioscience, Bristol, UK) at the indicated concentrations.

Fazio A., Briglia M., Faggio C., Alzoubi K, & Lang F. (2015). Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Garcinol. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 37(2).

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