Calibrated electronic digital scales

At the initial visit, participants had body height measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a stadiometer (SECA, Hamburg, Germany) while barefoot. Body weight was measured at each visit to the nearest 0.05 kg by using calibrated electronic digital scales (SECA Hamburg, Germany) while participants wore light clothing and no footwear.

Subjects reported to the laboratory after an overnight fast and had to abstain from hard training and/or competition for at least 72 h before testing. The participants’ morphological characteristics were measured in the morning and always at the same time (09:00 a.m.). Body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca©, Hamburg, Germany), and body weight was measured to the nearest 0.01 kg using calibrated electronic digital scales, (Seca©, Hamburg, Germany) in barefoot conditions. Fat mass and fat-free mass content was estimated from the sum of 6 skinfolds (∑6) (abdominal, suprailiac, tricipital and subscapularis, thigh and calf). Skinfold thicknesses were measured with a Harpenden caliper (Holtain Skinfold Caliper, Crosswell, UK) and converted to % of body fat using the equations of Jackson and Pollock [28 (link)]. All measurements were made by the same operator, accredited in kinanthropometric techniques (level 1), in accordance with the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) recommendations [29 ].