Topiramate

Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry

Sourced in Japan, United States

Topiramate is a crystalline solid chemical compound with the molecular formula C12H21NO8. It is used as a laboratory standard and reference material for analytical applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Gabapentin, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (6 mentions) Levetiracetam, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (5 mentions) Clonazepam, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Ethosuximide, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Phenobarbital, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Lamotrigine, by AK Scientific (4 mentions) Carbamazepine, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Phenytoin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Tiagabine, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (4 mentions) Lacosamide, by Axon Medchem (4 mentions) Clobazam, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Ezogabine, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium valproate, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Methylcellulose, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Eslicarbazepine, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (3 mentions) Rufinamide, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (3 mentions) Phenytoin, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Lamotrigine, by LGC (1 mentions) Sodium valproate, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Carbamazepine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)

6 protocols using topiramate

Examining Neurological Drug Effects

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Drugs used were lamotrigine (Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., Canada), carbamazepine, phenytoin, sodium valproate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, topiramate, and bupivacaine hydrochloride (Tokyo Chemical Industries, Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Levobupivacaine hydrochloride was kindly gifted by Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All of drugs (except for gabapentin, topiramate, and sodium valproate which were directly dissolved in Ringer's solution) were first dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a stock solution and then diluted to the desired concentrations in Ringer's solution immediately before use, where the concentration of DMSO was less than 2%. Drugs at concentrations larger than 10 mM were not tested, because a change in osmotic pressure may affect CAPs. The pH of Ringer's solution containing drugs was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH.

Uemura Y., Fujita T., Ohtsubo S., Hirakawa N., Sakaguchi Y, & Kumamoto E. (2014). Effects of Various Antiepileptics Used to Alleviate Neuropathic Pain on Compound Action Potential in Frog Sciatic Nerves: Comparison with Those of Local Anesthetics. BioMed Research International, 2014, 540238.

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Pharmaceutical Compounds for Research

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Gabapentin (GBP), lamotrigine (LTG), levetiracetam (LEV), and topiramate (TPM) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). 2-Amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH), L-carnitine, L-thyroxine (T 4 ), clobazam (CLB), cimetidine, quinidine, and amino acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 3, 3', 5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T 3 ) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Other chemicals were purchased from Wako (Tokyo, Japan).

Furugen A., Ishiguro Y., Kobayashi M., Narumi K., Nishimura A., Hirano T, & Iseki K. (2017). Involvement of l-type amino acid transporter 1 in the transport of gabapentin into human placental choriocarcinoma cells. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 67.

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Preparation of Anticonvulsant Compounds

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All compounds were prepared in 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma; St. Louis, MO, USA) suspensions, with the exception of sodium valproate, which was prepared in saline (0.9% NaCl). Carbamazepine, clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, ezogabine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and sodium valproate (valproate) were obtained from Sigma. Eslicarbazepine, gabapentin, levetiracetam, rufinamide, tiagabine, and topiramate were obtained from TCI America. Lacosamide was obtained from Axon Medchem. Lamotrigine was obtained from AK Scientific.

Metcalf C.S., Huff J., Thomson K.E., Johnson K., Edwards S.F, & Wilcox K.S. (2019). Evaluation of antiseizure drug efficacy and tolerability in the rat lamotrigine‐resistant amygdala kindling model. Epilepsia Open, 4(3), 452-463.

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Anticonvulsant Compound Preparation Protocol

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All compounds were prepared in 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma), except for valproic acid, which was prepared using saline (0.9% NaCl). Carbamazepine, clonazepam, celecoxib, diclofenac, dexamethasone, ethosuximide, ibuprofen, minocycline, phenobarbital, phenytoin, prednisone, ezogabine, and valproic acid were obtained from Sigma (Sigma). Gabapentin, levetiracetam, tiagabine, and topiramate were obtained from TCI America. Lacosamide was obtained from Axon Medchem, and lamotrigine was obtained from AK Scientific. Doses for each compound are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3. All compounds were administered as suspensions, with the exceptions of ethosuximide, ezogabine, Gabapentin, levetiracetam, tiagabine, and valproic acid.

Metcalf C.S., Vanegas F., Underwood T., Johnson K., West P.J., Smith M.D, & Wilcox K.S. (2021). Screening of prototype antiseizure and anti‐inflammatory compounds in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus model of epilepsy. Epilepsia Open, 7(1), 46-58.

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Anticonvulsant Compounds Preparation Protocol

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All compounds were prepared in 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma; St. Louis, MO, USA) suspensions, with the exception of sodium valproate, which was prepared in saline (0.9% NaCl). Carbamazepine, clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, ezogabine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and sodium valproate were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Eslicarbazepine, gabapentin, levetiracetam, rufinamide, tiagabine, and topiramate were obtained from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA). Lacosamide was obtained from Axon Medchem (Groningen, Netherlands). Lamotrigine was obtained from AK Scientific (Union City, CA, USA).

Metcalf C.S., West P.J., Thomson K., Edwards S., Smith M.D., White H.S, & Wilcox K.S. (2017). Development and Pharmacological Characterization of the Rat 6 Hz Model of Partial Seizures. Epilepsia, 58(6), 1073-1084.

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Antiepileptic Drug Stock Solution Protocol

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For all experiments described, stock solutions in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (0.01–0.10 M) were made fresh on the day of the first experiment, visually inspected for solubility when diluted into ACSF at working concentrations, frozen, and then reused for multiple experiments and applied via bath perfusion. The working concentration of DMSO was kept below 0.01% for each solution. Bumetanide, carbamazepine, clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, felbamate, midazolam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, and stiripentol were obtained from Sigma. Eslicarbazepine, gabapentin, levetiracetam, rufinamide, tiagabine, and topiramate were obtained from TCI America (Portland, OR, U.S.A.). Lacosamide and ezogabine was obtained from Axon Medchem (Groningen, The Netherlands). Lamotrigine was obtained from AK Scientific (Union City, CA, U.S.A.).

West P.J., Saunders G.W., Billingsley P., Smith M.D., White H.S., Metcalf C.S, & Wilcox K.S. (2018). Recurrent Epileptiform Discharges in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex of Kainate-Treated Rats are Differentially Sensitive to Anti-Seizure Drugs. Epilepsia, 59(11), 2035-2048.

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