Zno nps

ZnO NPs (code XFI06; 20 nm) were purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd and have been thoroughly characterized as we reported elsewhere.^{12 (link)} The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) indicated the hexagonal phase of NPs with an average size of 22.3 nm. The BET surface area was measured as 19.072 m² g⁻¹. The hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of 16 μg mL⁻¹ XFI06 suspended in water were measured as 234.4 ± 3.5 nm and −15.5 ± 0.3 mV, respectively.
To make the suspension of ZnO NPs, 1.28 mg mL⁻¹ NPs were suspended in MilliQ water containing 1 mg mL⁻¹ BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and sonicated twice for 8 min with continuous cooling on ice by an ultrasonic processor FS-250N (20% amplitude; Shanghai Shengxi, China). After sonication, the NPs were diluted as 40 μg mL⁻¹, 160 μg mL⁻¹ or 640 μg mL⁻¹ in MilliQ water, 5% BSA or 2 mM PA–BSA. After incubated for 30 min, the NPs were diluted ten time in serum free medium to expose cells. Control cells were exposed to equal amount of vehicles in serum free medium.

The metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs, ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs) used in this research were purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd, (Nanjing, China), and the purity of the nanomaterials is above 99.9%. The characterizations of nanoparticles were performed in the Key laboratory of nano-micro materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School. The size of the metal oxidize nanoparticles was detected by a field emission scanning electron microscope (ZEISS SUPRA^® 55, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), and the specific surface area was detected by an Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry System (ASAP 2020 HD88, Micromeritics, Atlanta, GA, USA). The diameter size of these MNPs in the range of 20–40 nm. The specific surface areas of the TiO₂-NPs, ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs were 77.4 m²·g⁻¹, 21.5 m²·g⁻¹ and 131 m²·g⁻¹, respectively.

The ZnO-NPs (average size: 20 nm, purity: 99.9%) were purchased by XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The spring wheat cv. Novosibirskaya 67 sown in pots was cultivated in a climate chamber under the following conditions: 24/19 °C day/night temperature, 65–70% relative humidity, and >500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetic active radiation (PAR).