Assay kits for total cholesterol

Red quinoa seeds were obtained from the Hexi Farm (Golmud City, Qinghai Province, China). We purchased 21 male C57BL/6 mice which were maintained in a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) place from Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Liaoning Province, China). Normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HD) were provided from Maohua Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Liaoning Province, China). Assay kits were used to assess the serum’s biochemical characteristics. Assay kits for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alpha-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c), insulin (INS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin -1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China). All other chemicals and reagents are analytically pure.

Kadsura coccinea fruit was collected from a research farm in Guangxi, China. Monosaccharide standards and dextrans with different molecular weights were purchased from the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurocholic acid (TCA) and glycocholic acid (GCA) were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), pancreatin and cholestyramine resin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). High-fat chow and regular chow were purchased from Beijing Keaoxieli Feedstuff Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Assay kits for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were obtained from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). All other reagents used in the present study were of analytical grade.

Metformin hydrochloride and hyodeoxycholic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yi En Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); Lecithin was bought from Chengdu Kelon Chemical Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The assay kits for total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The insulin (INS) and Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) assay kit was purchased from Wuhan ABclonal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Acetonitrile was HPLC grade, and all other reagents were analytical grade. Purified deionized water was used throughout the experiment.