R software version 3.3.2

Categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages, continuous variables were described by using means and standard deviations and non-normally distributed data were described as median and interquartile ranges. Differences between groups were compared using a Chi-Square test or Fisher’s exact probability test and Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression was performed to assess the relation between ADL and in-hospital mortality. The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the areas under the curves (AUCs) were performed to assess the prognostic value. All tests were two-sided, and a value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed by using R software (version 3.3.2) or SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Data analysis was performed with R software (version 3.3.2) and SPSS (version 19.0, Armonk, NY). Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were used for the categorical data analysis. The endpoint of virus shedding is the last positive-sample date. However, interval-censored types have been considered, the middle endpoint between the last positive culture date and the first negative culture date was applied to count cumulative survival, and the survfit function of the survival package was employed to compare the differences in duration of virus shedding among the four different pathogen groups (Fig 1). All healthy persons were divided into five age groups according to the age distribution of patients with HFMD [24 (link)]. Additionally, P<0.05 indicated a significant difference.

Statistical analyses were performed in R software (version 3.3.2) and SPSS (version 16.0). Quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard error. Differences between two groups were analyzed by the Student’s t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Differences among multiple groups were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). P values were determined by ANOVA for all quantifications. P values < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.