Bc 558 ironman segmental body composition monitor

Potentially important covariates were included in the analyses: increasing age (in years), gender (Female vs. Male) and racial/ethnicity status (1=Non-Hispanic White; 2=Non-Hispanic Black; 3=Hispanic). Education was not included as a covariate due to its collinearity with racial/ethnicity status in this sample. Body Mass Index (BMI=weight/height²); proportion visceral fat and muscle mass (expressed in lbs.) derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis with the BC-558 Ironman Segmental Body Composition Monitor (Tanita Corporation, Arlinton Heights, IL); abdominal and hip girth were measured and their ratio was used as a covariate; and total number of co-morbid medical conditions (including cardiovascular risk factors and conditions spanning multiple body systems) ascertained by self-report as part of medical history. Finally, given the co-existence of depressive symptomatology with poor physical^{22 (link)} and cognitive function^{23 (link)}, we also included depression as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)^{24 (link)} as a covariate.

Energy status was inferred via measurements of body mass, body fat percentage, and lean muscle mass were made at each data collection checkpoint using the Tanita BC-558 Ironman Segmental Body Composition Monitor bioelectrical impedance scale (Tanita Corporation, Arlington Heights, IL). The athletic setting was chosen for these measurements due to the increased fitness achieved throughout courses and to maintain measurement consistency. The Tanita equations are unpublished. Measurements were taken in the morning before participants consumed a meal at each transition point to the next section, though due to logistical constraints, measurements could not be taken at a consistent time of day. Of the total 346 observations, 6 observations for lean muscle mass and body fat were missing.

A brief physical evaluation was performed. Sitting blood pressure was measured and reported as mean arterial pressure (MAP). Anthropometric measurements by bioimpedance with the BC-558 Ironman Segmental Body Composition Monitor (Tanita Corporation, Arlington Heights, IL, USA) were used to derive body mass index, muscle mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and metabolic age (a comparison of the participant’s BMR against the age-predicted BMR) [25 (link), 26 (link)]. Grip Strength Handgrip strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer (Baseline Digital Smedley Spring Dynamometer; Patterson Medical, Warrenville, IL) in each hand and expressed in kilograms (kg) and mean grip strength was calculated. The modified Mini Physical Performance Test (mPPT) was used to provide an objective rating of physical performance [27 (link)]. The mPPT includes 4 tasks (bending over, progressive Romberg, time walk, and chair rise) with a score range of 0–16, with higher scores suggesting higher physical functionality