Alendronate sodium

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Alendronate sodium is a synthetic compound used as the active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. It is a member of the bisphosphonate class of drugs and functions as an inhibitor of bone resorption.

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Alendronate (33 citations) Alendronate sodium trihydrate (15 citations) Alendronate sodium salt (2 citations)

11 protocols using alendronate sodium

Alendronate Concentration Effects on Cells

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This study used HRFs. This experiment used a control group and a study group composed of four subgroups, each treated with a different concentration of sodium alendronate (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM Ald) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The concentrations were set by referring to several previously published studies which had used concentrations of alendronate [18 (link)–20 (link)]. Each study subgroup was exposed to its specific concentration of alendronate for 48 h, except during the measuring of the metabolism of 3-(4, 5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), which was performed at varying times of 1 day to 6 days. These experimental groups were evaluated for cell viability, cell cycle and cell proliferation, type of cell death, caspase activity, and wound-healing ability. The schematic description of the study’s design, the number of samples, and the repetition times for each test are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1

A schematic drawing of the experimental design, number of culture cell donors, and the repetition times of each test

Sung C.M., Kim R.J., Hah Y.S., Gwark J.Y, & Park H.B. (2020). In vitro effects of alendronate on fibroblasts of the human rotator cuff tendon. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21, 19.

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Titanium Alloy and Bioglass Synthesis

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Ti6Al4V alloy sheets were obtained from RTI International Metal Ltd, UK. Bioglass Sylc^® (50 μm diameter) was purchased from Denfotex Research Ltd, UK and sodium alendronate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich UK and used without further purification. Isopropanol was of extra pure grade form Acros Organics UK. All other reagents were analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich UK.

Rojo L., Gharibi B., McLister R., Meenan B.J, & Deb S. (2016). Self-assembled monolayers of alendronate on Ti6Al4V alloy surfaces enhance osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. Scientific Reports, 6, 30548.

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Radiolabeled Bombesin Peptide Delivery System

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Cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS), doxorubicin, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) sodium salt, sodium alendronate, sodium hydroxide, and D-luciferin were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (Saint Louis, MI, USA). Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany) supplied Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- (polyethyleneglycol-2000) (DSPE-PEG2000). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). The human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Xylazine solution (Dopaser™ 2%) was obtained from Hertape Calier (Juatuba, MG, Brazil). Ketamine hydrochloride solution (Dopalen™ 10%) was purchased from Vetbrands Agroline (Campo Grande, MT, Brazil). HYNIC-βAla-Bombesin_7–14(^99mTc-BBN_7–14) peptide was supplied by GL BioChem (Shanghai Shi, China), and technetium-99m was obtained by a molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator from Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas (São Paulo, Brazil). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.

dos Santos Ferreira D., de Oliveira Pinto B.L., Kumar V., Cardoso V.N., Fernandes S.O., Souza C.M., Cassali G.D., Moore A., Sosnovik D., Farrar C., Leite E.A., Alves R.J., de Oliveira M.C., Guimarães A.R, & Caravan P. (2017). EVALUATION OF ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY AND CARDIAC TOXICITY OF A BONE-TARGETED pH-SENSITIVE LIPOSOMAL FORMULATION IN A BONE METASTASIS TUMOR MODEL IN MICE. Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine, 13(5), 1693-1701.

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Synthesis of Alendronate-Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals

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The synthesis was accomplished following the procedure already reported in literature. Briefly, CNCs were submitted to a TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical, Sigma-Aldrich) mediated oxidation [15, 16] . CNC-TEMPO were obtained at 50% yield, at a final concentration of 0.5% w/V. The synthesis of ALN-conjugated CNCs was carried out to 10 ml of 0.5% w/V CNC-TEMPO suspension (available carboxylic acid content: 0.92 mmol/g, titration). 1-ethyl-3-(3dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC, 0.23 mmol, 191.7 g/mol) (Fluka Analytical) and N-F o r R e v i e w O n l y 4 hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 0.23 mmol, 115.1 g/mol) (Sigma Aldrich) were weighed in 5-fold molar excess, dissolved in 1 ml of bidistilled water, then added to the CNC suspension under stirring. After 1 h, a 5-fold molar excess of Sodium Alendronate (0.23 mmol, 325.1 g/mol) (Sigma-Aldrich) was added, the pH adjusted to 6.3-6.5 by adding 0.1 M phosphate buffer saline (Lonza), and the mixture was left to react overnight at RT. Purification of CNC-ALN was achieved through precipitation in EtOH/phosphate buffer solution (4:1), centrifugation (3200 g, 15 min, 2 cycles), redispersion in 10 ml and final dialysis against ultrapure Milli-Q water for 72 h using tubes in cellulose membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 12000 Da (Sigma-Aldrich).

Zoia L., Morelli A., Talamini L., Violatto M.B., Lovati A.B., Lopa S., Recordati C., Toffanin C., Salanti A., Russo L., Colombo L., Moretti M., Salmona M., Ferla B, & Bigini P. (2020). Cellulose nanocrystals: a multimodal tool to enhance the targeted drug delivery against bone disorders. Nanomedicine (London, England), 15(23).

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Functionalization of TiO2 Surfaces

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After growing TiO₂ film on the surfaces, the samples were functionalized with sodium alendronate and albumin, separately. The functionalization of the discs occurred using an immersion method, as described in detail below.
sodium alendronate. The samples were immersed in a solution containing deionized water and methanol at a 60:40 ratio, respectively. The sodium alendronate (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA) was then dissolved in the solution at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Three titanium devices remained immersed in 5 ml of the solution for 12 h to maintain control of the samples. Then, the samples were washed with deionized water and heated to 100 °C for 2 h [27 (link)].
Albumin (BSA). The samples were immersed in a solution containing 0.4 mg/ml of albumin (BSA, 96%, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA) in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS, Sigma-Aldrich Corp.). Three substrates remained immersed in 30 ml of the solution for 6 h to maintain control of the samples. Finally, the samples were washed with PBS and deionized water [28 ].
TiO₂surfaces modified with enriched medium. The TiO₂ discs (n = 3) were conditioned in α-MEM medium without FBS up to 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO_2, and 95% humidity (ISO 10993:2016). This conditioned media contains molecules potentially released by the surfaces.

Albano C.S., Moreira Gomes A., da Silva Feltran G., da Costa Fernandes C.J., Trino L.D., Zambuzzi W.F, & Lisboa-Filho P.N. (2020). Biofunctionalization of titanium surfaces with alendronate and albumin modulates osteoblast performance. Heliyon, 6(7), e04455.

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Cerium-Based Multifunctional Nanoplatform

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Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O), alendronate sodium (AL), Tris(2,2-bipyridine) ruthenium chloride (RDPP), 2-methylimidazole (HMIM), riboflavin, rhodamine B, H₂O₂ (technical grade, 30%), LPS, and ORO were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (USA). Zoledronic acid hydrate (ZOL) was obtained from Damas-beta. PB and nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) were purchased from TCI (Japan). The CCK-8 kit was purchased from MCE (USA). oxLDL was purchased from Yiyuan Biotech (China). Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was provided by Frontier Scientific. A BCA protein concentration determination kit and a reactive oxygen detection kit were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology. Penicillin–streptomycin solution (100X), fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and RPMI 1640 medium (1640) were obtained from Gibco (USA). High-purity (Milli-Q) water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm was obtained from an inline Millipore RiOs/Origin water purification system.

Fu X., Yu X., Jiang J., Yang J., Chen L., Yang Z, & Yu C. (2022). Small molecule-assisted assembly of multifunctional ceria nanozymes for synergistic treatment of atherosclerosis. Nature Communications, 13, 6528.

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Alendronate and IL-20 Neutralization in Bone Marrow Transplant Mice

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For alendronate, at 14 wk after BM transplantation, mice were subcutaneously injected twice per week with alendronate sodium (A4978; Sigma) or vehicle control at a dose of 100 μg/kg capped at 3 μg/mouse for 7 wk. For IL-20 neutralization, 7E blocking antibodies or control IgGs (Creative Biolabs) were injected intraperitoneally at 6 µg/kg per mouse every 3 d for 4 wk (lot CBL2007Z11 or CB2006YC08, respectively; Creative Biolabs).

Kim P.G., Niroula A., Shkolnik V., McConkey M., Lin A.E., Słabicki M., Kemp J.P., Bick A., Gibson C.J., Griffin G., Sekar A., Brooks D.J., Wong W.J., Cohen D.N., Uddin M.M., Shin W.J., Pirruccello J., Tsai J.M., Agrawal M., Kiel D.P., Bouxsein M.L., Richards J.B., Evans D.M., Wein M.N., Charles J.F., Jaiswal S., Natarajan P, & Ebert B.L. (2021). Dnmt3a-mutated clonal hematopoiesis promotes osteoporosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 218(12), e20211872.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds

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3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 6-coumarin (6-cou), acetonitrile, alendronate sodium (ALD), chloroform, crystal violet, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, methanol, Nile Red (NR), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), stearylamine (ST) and vincristine sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Eriochrome black T (NET), the Millipore MilliQ system (for deionised water), sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT) and tromethamol (TRIS) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2-[2-[2-chloro-3-[(1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)ethylidene]-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]ethenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propylindolium (IR780) iodide and 3-maleimidobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Calcium bromide (CaBr₂), calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sodium salt (EDTA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Carlo Erba (Cornaredo, Italy). Sodium monohydrogen and dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from A.C.E.F. (Fiorenzuola D’Arda, Italy). IL (10% Intralipid^®) was purchased from BBraun. All other chemicals were of analytical grade and used without any further purification.

Stoppa I., Dianzani C., Clemente N., Bozza A., Bordano V., Garelli S., Cangemi L., Dianzani U, & Battaglia L. (2024). Alendronate-Grafted Nanoemulsions for Bone-Targeted Vincristine Delivery: Preliminary Studies on Cell and Animal Models. Biomolecules, 14(2), 238.

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Poloxamer-based Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer

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Poloxamer P407 (F127) and Poloxamer P188 (F68) were purchased from BASF,Germany. H₂O₂ (technical grade, 30%) was offered by Aladdin,China. CaO₂, Cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate, Docusate sodium(AOT), and Alendronate sodium were offered by Sigma Aldrich,USA. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was offered by Frontier Scientific, Inc,USA. HA with a molecular weight (MW) of 17kDa was purchased from Lifecore Co. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) were purchased from Gibco,USA. The Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8 kit) were purchased from Dojindo,Japan. Trizol reagent was offered by Invitrogen,USA. PrimeScript RT Master Mix was purchased from Takara,Japan. SYBR Green PCR Master Mix was purchased from Applied Biosystems,USA. All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Zhang L., Liu X., Mao Y., Rong S., Chen Y., Qi Y., Cai Z, & Li H. (2023). Inhibition of melanoma using a nanoceria-based prolonged oxygen-generating phototherapy hydrogel. Frontiers in Oncology, 13, 1126094.

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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) hydrate (

H A u C l_{4} . 3 H_{2} O

, M.W: 339.79

g . m o l e^{- 1}

∽

52% Au basis, anhydrous basis) purchased from sigma aldrich, Egypt. Trisodium citrate dihydrate (

N a_{3} C_{6} H_{5} O_{7} . 2 H_{2} O

, M.W.: 294.10

g . m o l e^{- 1}

> 99.0

%) purchased from Gateway Co. Double Distilled Water freshly obtained from Automatic Water Still, for all preparations, and rinsing thoroughly all glasswares. Alendronate sodium (

C_{4} H_{12} N N a O_{7} P_{2}

, M.W: 271.08

g m o l e^{- 1}

), memantine (

C_{12} H_{21} N

, M.W: 179.30

g m o l e^{- 1}

) and Tobramycin base (

C_{18} H_{37} N_{5} O_{9}

, M.W: 467.45

g m o l e^{- 1}

) purchased from sigma aldrich, Egypt. Aqua Regia (1:3 mixture of concentrated concentrated nitric acid (

H N O_{3}

) to concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl)) used continuously to wash out all glasswares before and after each procedure.

Eissa D.M., Mabrouk M.M., Ebeid E.Z, & Abdel Hamid M.A. (2022). Hydrophilic gold nanospheres: influence of alendronate, memantine, and tobramycin on morphostructural features. BMC Chemistry, 16(1), 101.

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