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5 protocols using xflash 6 100

1

Comprehensive Characterization of Prepared Sample

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The morphology
of the prepared sample
was analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM,
Hitachi S-4800 and Zeiss Merlin compact) and field-emission transmission
electronic microscopy (FETEM) (JEOL-2100F, JEOL Ltd., Japan). Elemental
distribution maps were collected by energy-dispersive spectrometry
(EDS, Bruker Xflash 6100) using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was performed using an X-Pert3 powder
(PANalytical, the Netherlands) diffractometer with Cu Kα1 (λ
= 1.5406 Å) radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS,
Al Kα radiation, and hν = 1486.6 eV)
was performed to reveal the chemical compositions and valence state
using the C 1s peak of the C–C and C–H bonds located
at 284.8 eV as reference. The CasaXPS software was adapted to conduct
the peak fitting. Thermogravimetric–mass spectrometric (TG-MS)
analysis was carried out using an STA449C/Qms 403C. The Raman spectra
of the prepared catalysts were collected with Jobin Yvon-Horiba LabRam
ARAMIS systems with 532 nm excitation lasers. A Micromeritics ASAP2020
device (at 77 K) was employed to perform the N2 adsorption–desorption
test. Infrared (IR) spectra were collected using a Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (Nicolet is50, ThermoFisher Co.).
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2

Characterization of PI FPs/TiO2 Nanocomposite

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the fabricated PI FPs/TiO2 NPs was measured by a powder XRD system, SmartLab (Rigaku Corp.). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were collected using FEI Tecnai G2 20. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was performed with DLS-7000 (Otsuka Electronics Co. Ltd.). Line scan elemental analysis was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800) attached with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX, Bruker X Flash 6|100). For thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) of the as-fabricated material using TG-DTA2000 (Bruker Corporation) was used. UV-vis transmission spectra of ca. 50 μm thick application films, prepared from TiO2 NPs powder (1.4 wt%) or PI FPs/TiO2 NPs powder (7 wt% including 1.4 w% TiO2 NPs)-dispersed in oils used in cosmetics with a mechanical mixer, were collected using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (JASCO V-660).
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3

Structural Analysis of Al-Nb-Zr-Ti-Ta-Ce Alloys

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Crystal structures of the Al0.5NbZrTi1.5Ta0.8Cex alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Bruker D8 Focus, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) using Cu Kα target with 2θ between 20–80° and a scan step of 0.05°. The microstructures were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM 7200F, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with energy-dispersive detectors (EDS, Oxford X-Max, Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, Britain). Fine-structure observations were conducted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G2 F20, FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) equipped with energy-dispersive detectors (EDS, XFlash 6|100, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany).
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4

Comprehensive Materials Characterization

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The phase structure
of the samples was identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku-D/max,
Cu Kα). The elemental composition and chemical state of the
composition were analyzed using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
(XPS, ThermoFisher ESCALAB XI+, Al Kα). The structure of the
sample surface was probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FT-IR, VERTEX 70). The morphology of the composite was observed through
scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-7900F) with an energy
dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Bruker XFlash 6|100).
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5

Characterization of Ag-Cu Thin Film Nanostructures

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SEM images of the ultra-thin Ag–Cu film non-woven fabric were taken by a field emission scanning electron microscope (Regulus 8230, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The elemental distribution was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, XFlash 6|100, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The surface elemental distribution of the films were obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Axis supra, Kratos, Manchester, UK) with monochromatic Al Kα radiation (hν = 1486.7 eV). The XPS spectra were calibrated based on the binding energy of C 1s = 284.8 eV.
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