Uv 3600

The preparation process of the coating was characterized by Raman spectroscopy (RM, LabRAM HR, HORIBA, French) with 633 nm light for excitation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, UV3600, Shimazu, Japan) was used to analyze the chemical functional group of the sample surfaces. Surface morphology and composition were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S-4800, Hitachi, Japan) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, Phenom, Philips, Nederland). Atomic force microscopy (AFM, MFP-3D-BIO, Asylum Research, USA) was used to examine the topography of the PT-Ti, Ti-MCol, Ti-GO-MCol and Ti-GO-MCol-D, respectively. In addition, the wettability was also examined by the water contact angle analysis (CA, Easy Drop, KRUSS, Germany).

The morphology of THGP was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM 1200EX, Jeol, Japan). The particle size distribution and zeta potential of the samples were measured using a laser particle size analyzer (ZS90; Malvern Instruments, Ltd., USA). A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR; iS10; Thermo Nicolet, USA) was used to assess the changes in chemical bonding. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; Bruker AVANCE III 600; Bruker, Germany) was used to evaluate F in THGP. The encapsulation efficiency of H(Gd) in THGP was determined by measuring the unbound concentration of H(Gd) in the supernatant by UV–VIS-NIR spectroscopy (UV-3600; Shimazu, Japan). The SDS–polyacrylamide gel (SDS‒PAGE) was used to verify the efficiency of GOD loading. In addition, THGP was dissolved and demulsified in DMSO, and the amount of GOD was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Agilent 1200; Agilent Technologies, USA). The details of the drug encapsulation efficiency (EE) evaluation and loading capacity (LC) are described in Additional file 1: Formulations 1 and 2 (SI).

IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA) and are reported in terms of frequency of absorption (cm^–1). Optical rotations were measured on a P-1020 (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) polarimeter equipped with a sodium lamp (589 nm). UV spectra were recorded on a UV-3600 (Shimazu, Kyoto, Japan) spectrophotometer. NMR experiments were performed on a JEOL ECA-500 spectrometer (Tokyo, Japan) at 298 K. All the 2D NMR spectra were acquired in DMSO-d₆. Standard pulse sequences and phase cycling were used for DQF-COSY, HMQC, HMBC experiments. HRESIMS were acquired in negative ion mode on an IT-TOF spectrometer (Shimazu). Column chromatographies were performed over silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and Sephadex LH-20 (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Flash column chromatography was performed with Kanto silica gel 60N (Spherical, Neutral, 40–50 mm). Vacuum column chromatography was performed with silica gel 60H (Merck). HPLC separations were carried out using a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II column (10 mm × 250 mm Nakarai tesque, INC (Kyoto, Japan), flow rate 4.0 mL/min) and a Shimazu 6AD series pumping system equipped with a Shimazu SPD-10AV index detector. TLC was conducted on silica 60 F₂₅₄ gel-coated glass sheets (Merck).

The soluble sugar content was determined using the phenol method.⁶⁸ Samples were extracted in boiling water for 30 min. After cooling, the water with sample extract was centrifuged at 12 000 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was placed into a new 15 mL centrifuge tube. The process was repeated twice to obtain the extract solution. Subsequently, 0.5 mL the extract solution, 1.5 mL distilled water, 1 mL 0.09 g mL⁻¹ phenol solution, and 5 mL concentrated sulfuric acid were added in turn. After 30 min, the OD₄₈₅ value was determined using UV-vis (Shimadzu UV3600), calculated as follows: soluble sugar content (mg g⁻¹) = (108.49027 × OD₄₈₅ − 18.99511)/[sample weight (g) × volume of extract solution for determination (mL)/volume of extract solution (mL)].

FE-TEM images were photographed by a JEM-2100F (JEOL Ldt., Tokyo, Japan). XRD patterns were acquired from an X-ray diffractometer (Advance D8, AXS, Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). XPS (ESCALAB 250Xi, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) was employed to analyze the chemical elements of the samples. SEM (JSM-IT300, JEOL Ldt., Tokyo, Japan) was used to scan the surface and section of the as-prepared samples. The light-absorption spectra were obtained via UV-vis spectrophotometry (UV3600, Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The photocurrent-voltage (J-V) characteristics were acquired from an electrochemical workstation (Zahner Company, Kronach, Germany) with a solar light simulator (Oriel Sol3A, Newport Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA), under simulated AM 1.5G illumination, at 100 mW/cm² intensity. Finally, IPCE (Newport Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA) was employed to study the quantum efficiency of the PSCs. The PL spectra were measured with a fluorescence spectrometer (RF-6000, Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The EIS analyses were conducted on an electrochemical workstation (Zahner Company, Kronach, Germany) for frequencies of 10 mHz to 10 MHz at a bias of 0.8 V under simulated AM 1.5G radiation (irradiance of 100 mW/cm²) with an alternating current (AC) signal amplitude of 10 mV at room temperature.

Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) measurements were performed on a Bruker VERTEX 70 spectrometer. The FT-IR spectra were recorded in 400 ÷ 4000 cm⁻¹ range with 4 cm⁻¹ resolution. The samples were analyzed from KBr pellets.
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were registered on a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha equipment, fully integrated, with an aluminum anode monochromatic source. Charging effects were compensated by a flood gun. Pass energy of 200 eV and 20 eV were used for surgery and high resolution spectra aquisition respectively.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was done on a Q500 TA Instruments equipment. 2 mg of sample was heated from RT to 700 °C using a heating rate of 10 °C/min under constant nitrogen flow rate.
UV adsorption measurements of BZC were performedat λ = 262 nm on a UV 3600 Shimadzu equipment provided with aquartz cell having a light path of 10 mm.
The morphological characterization of the CS/Al-MSN-BZC composite films was evaluated from the micrograph recorded using a Philips Xl 30 ESEM TMP scanning electron microscope (SEM).