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Caspase 3

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Caspase-3 is a key enzyme involved in the execution phase of cell apoptosis. It is a protease that cleaves specific substrates, leading to the characteristic morphological and biochemical changes associated with programmed cell death.

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428 protocols using caspase 3

1

Protein Expression Analysis by Western Blot

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Western blot assay was conducted as previously described [17 (link)]. The proteins from the cell were lysed in RIPA buffer (pH = 7.4) comprised of protease inhibitors cocktail (10 μg/ml, Cat# 5872S, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, U.S.A.). The contents were centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4°C for 20 min, and the concentration of protein in the supernatants was determined using Bradford reagent (BioRad) with bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) as the standard. The protein samples were separated by electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE 10% or 12.5% gels. After blocked in 3% BSA, the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies, GAPDH (Cat# 2118 s, Cell Signaling Technology), caspase-1 (Cat# sc-56036, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, U.S.A.), GSDMD (Cat# 93709 s, Cell Signaling Technology), JNK1/2/3 (Cat# YT2440, Immunoway, TX, U.S.A.), caspase-3 (Cat# sc-7148, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), caspase-9 (Cat# 9502, CST), caspase-4 (Cat# ab238124, Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), cleaved caspase-3 (Cat# 9661 s, Cell Signaling Technology), and GSDME (Cat# ab215191, Abcam) as needed. For secondary antibodies, antibodies to mouse (Cat# 7076, Cell Signaling Technology) and rabbit (Cat# 7074, Cell Signaling Technology) were used. To visualize protein bands, a chemiluminescence (ECL) system (Cat# WBLUF0500, Millipore, MA, U.S.A.) was used.
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2

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Protein extraction was carried out as follows: cardiac tissues were isolated, snap‐frozen and extracted in lysis buffer, and cardiomyocytes were harvested at the indicated time and extracted in lysis buffer. The lysis buffer was complemented with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and phosphatase inhibitor. BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) was used to quantify total protein concentration. Protein samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk and incubated at 4°C overnight with the following primary antibodies: phospho‐adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK)‐T172, AMPK, p‐Raptor‐S792, Raptor, p‐mTOR‐S2448, mTOR, p‐p70S6K‐T389, p70S6K, β‐actin (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) and caspase‐3 (1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The membrane was then incubated with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated secondary antibodies. The blots were developed using an enhanced chemiluminescence system.
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3

Diosgenin-Induced Apoptosis Mechanisms

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Diosgenin, RIPA buffer was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). RPMI-1640, DMEM medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Rockville, MD, USA). PI (propidium iodide), Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, z-VAD-fmk, MTS, Hoechst 33258, and AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). 5-Ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) was obtained from RiboBio (Guangzhou, China). The primary antibodies against GAPDH, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase- 3, p21, PARP-1, cytochrome c (CYT C), COX IV, β-catenin and GSK3β were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Other antibodies were from Abcam. Hematoxylin–Eosin Staining Kit was from Solarbio (Beijing, China). The EliVision kit was from Maixin Biotech (Fuzhou, China).
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptosis Markers

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Following cell lysis by ice-cold radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer, protein concentrations were determined. Equal quantities (30 µg) of protein were separated using 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane and blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). PVDF membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with the following antibodies: CIP2A (dilution 1:500; cat. no. sc-80662; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, CA, USA), AKT (dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. 9272S; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), phosphorylated (p)-AKT (dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. 4060S; Cell Signaling Technology), B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2; dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. sc-492; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), caspase-3 (dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. 9662S; Cell Signaling Technology), poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP; dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. 5625T; Cell Signaling Technology), γ-H2AX (dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. ab2893; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and β-actin (dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). After being washed, the membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-mouse IgG, dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. 7076S; Cell Signaling Technology; anti-rabbit IgG, dilution 1:1,000; cat. no. 7074S; Cell Signaling Technology) followed by enhanced chemiluminescence detection.
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5

Wogonin's Anti-Cancer Potential Explored

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A2780 cells were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO) and were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco). Cells were tested with a Cell Culture Contamination Detection Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and results appeared negative for mycoplasma contamination. Wogonin, with a chemical structure shown in Figure 1(a), was purchased from Aokebio (Beijing, China). Methylpiperidinopyrazole (MPP) was purchased from Apexbio. The antibodies were from Abcam (Akt, β-actin), Proteintech (caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3, cyclin D1, CDK4, and CDK6), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (ER-α), and Cell Signaling Technology (Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, and p53).
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6

Western Blotting and Immunofluorescence Protocols

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For Western blotting, whole cell lysates were prepared by lysing cell pellets directly in sodium dodecyl (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis buffer. For immunofluorescence with the Mcm3 antibody, HeLa cells were pre-extracted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100, and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution (WAKO) for immunostaining. Images were acquired by Keyence BZ-8100 and nuclear staining intensity was measured by Dynamic Cell count software (Keyence). The following primary antibodies were used: Cdt1[6 (link)], Cdt2[50 (link)], Mcm2 (lab stock), Mcm3 (ab4460, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Mcm4 (lab stock), Mcm6 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), Cyclin A (mouse, Ab-6, Neomarkers; rabbit, H-432, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Cyclin B (H433, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), PCNA (PC10, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), caspase-3 (96625, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), RCC1 (lab stock), Chk1 pS296 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), Chk2 pT68 (Cell Signaling Technology), Cdk2 pT160 (Cell Signaling Technology), and CPD (Cosmo Bio, Tokyo, Japan). Protein levels were analyzed by ImageJ software.
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7

Evaluating ECFC-Derived Vascular Formation

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After 3 and 28 days following ECFC transplantation, the ischemic thigh areas were removed and fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Each tissue sample was embedded in paraffin. For histological analysis, samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Immunofluorescence staining was performed using primary antibodies against mouse-specific (to confirm mouse vasculature) or human-specific (to confirm human ECFC-derived vessel formation) CD31, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), human VEGF, phospho-STAT3, caspase-3, PCNA, Ki67 (Santa Cruz), human-specific CD31 (Novus Biologicals, Colorado, USA), and human nuclear antigen (HNA; Millipore) and secondary antibodies Alexa-488 and Alexa-594 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole phenylindole (DAPI; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Immunostained slides were imaged by confocal microscopy (Olympus, Japan).
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8

Lung Cancer Cell Line Characterization

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NSCLC cell lines A549, HCC4006 and Calu-1 (three human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines), and SK-MES-1 and KLN205 (two human lung squamous carcinoma cell lines) were obtained from the Shanghai Institute for Biological Science (China). All cell lines were purchased between 2012 and 2015 and authenticated based on growth rate, morphology, and viability and were frequently confirmed to be mycoplasma free. The cells were cultured in RPMT 1640 media supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FBS), L-glutamine and 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate. The cells were maintained in a humidified incubator in 5% CO2 at 37 °C.
Antibodies to various antigens were as follows: CHK1, PCHK1 (S296), PCHK1 (S317), PCHK1 (S345), CHK2, PCHK2 (T68), PCHK2 (S516), Cdc25A, PCdc25C (S216), H2AX, γH2AX (S139), PH3 (S10histone), ATM, PATM (S1981), DNA-PKCs, PDNA-PKCs (S2056), and GAPDH were from Cell Signaling. FANCL, FANCD2, BRCA2, PARP1, RAD51, caspase-3, cleaved caspanse-3, PARP and cleaved PARP from Santa Cruz. Gemcitabine was from Hanson Pharmaceutic (China), Cisplatin from Yangtze River Pharmaceutic (China), MK-8776 from Selleck Chemicals, CHK2 inhibitor II from Abcam. Gemcitabine was dissolved in PBS. Cisplatin, MK-8776 and CHK2 inhibitor II were dissolved in DMSO and used at the specified concentrations.
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9

Molecular Mechanism Regulation Assay

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N-Hydroxyphthalimide was purchased from Accela ChemBio Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Propidium iodide (PI), RNase A and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were from Sigma-Aldrich. Antibodies of mTOR, Phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), Phospho-mTOR (Ser2481), S6K1, Phospho-S6K1 (Thr389), Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236), 4E-BP1, Phospho-4E-BP1 (Ser65), Phospho-Akt (Ser473), Phospho-Akt (Thr308), Cleaved PARP, Cleaved Caspase 3, Caspase 9, cyclin B1, cdc2 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology; antibodies of S6, Akt, P-ERK1/2, β-actin, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Bcl-xL, survivin were from Santa Cruz; antibody of ERK was from Epitomics; antibody of eIF4E was obtained from BD Biosciences; Alexa Fluor® 647 donkey anti-mouse IgG antibody was purchased from Invitrogen; all the other secondary antibodies were from Sigma-Aldrich.
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10

Protein Expression Analysis in PANC-1 Cells

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Denaturing SDS-PAGE sample buffer was utilized for PANC-1 cell lysis through standard methods. Then, separation of protein lysates was done with 10% SDS-PAGE, and they were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. TBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and 5% nonfat milk was used overnight at 4°C to block the membranes, followed by incubation at 4°C overnight with primary antibodies of STAT3, p-STAT3, JAK, p-JAK, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Upon washing, the membranes were subjected to incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. Detection of the signal was accomplished with the ECL reagents.
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