To investigate any differences between a new and fouled membrane, the Surpass 3 surface analyzer with an adjustable gap cell (Surpass 3, Anton Paar, Austria) was used to measure their streaming potential. The zeta To prepare the membranes for testing, they were cut into small pieces (20x10 mm) from the middle and attached to the sample holder. A 0.001M KCl solution was then used as the electrolyte solution for resistance measurements. After adjusting the gap height to 110-120 µm, a pH scan was conducted from around 5.5 to 3 in intervals of 0.3 using 0.1 M HCl (Sigma Aldrich, Denmark). Each pH scan included 3 streaming potential measurements and 3 rinse cycles with the electrolyte solution.
Surpass 3
Manufactured by Anton Paar
Sourced in Austria, Italy, France, Germany
The SurPASS 3 is a versatile laboratory instrument designed to measure the zeta potential and electrokinetic properties of solid surfaces and particles in liquid media. It provides accurate and reliable data for a wide range of applications, including research, quality control, and process optimization.
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62 protocols using surpass 3
1
Streaming Potential Analysis of Membrane Surfaces
2
Surface Zeta Potential Measurement
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The streaming potential measurements were performed with a SurPASS 3 (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria) using the adjustable gap cell for sample mounting. A pair of each 20 mm × 10 mm samples was mounted on the sample holder using double-sided adhesive tape. The distance between the samples` surfaces was set to 110 ± 10 μm. The surface Zeta potential was determined as a function of pH in an aqueous electrolyte solution of 10 mM KCl (the ionic strength was high enough to suppress any contribution from pore conductivity) [46] (link), [47] (link), by adjusting the pH automatically with 0.05 M KOH and 0.05 M HCl. Before measurement, the solid sample was equilibrated at a neutral pH with several rinsing steps, and then the pH was adjusted to the alkaline range. A pressure gradient of 200–600 mbar was applied to generate the streaming potential, which was measured with a pair of AgCl electrodes. The pH and conductivity of the electrolyte were monitored with pH and conductivity probes, and all experiments were performed at room temperature. Between each sample analysis, the electrolyte system was rinsed thoroughly with ultrapure water to ensure that all previous solutions were removed.
3
Analyzing Surface Potential and Topography of Single Nanofibers
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The surface potential and topography of the single nanofiber were undertaken by atomic force microscopy (AFM, NT-MDT). Single NF was produced by the electrospinning jet and directly loaded on to the indium-tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass. Under Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy [KPFM, a member of atomic force microscope (AFM) family] measurements, double path measurement was used, and the typical lift height was 10 nm. The topography and surface potential maps of samples were obtained by tapping mode scanning (carrying an NSG10 tip of TipsNano).
Besides, the zeta potentials of samples were collected by streaming potential measurement with the SurPASS3 electrokinetic analyzer (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria). PVDF/PTFE NFs membrane was cut into two 1 cm × 2 cm pieces and fixed on flat sample table, followed by loading in the measurement instrument. Then 0.001 M KCl aqueous electrolyte is circulated through the sample-loaded measuring cell. Automatic titration with 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH solutions was employed to control the pH values upon zeta potential measurement and thus determining the isoelectric point and surface potentials of samples.
Besides, the zeta potentials of samples were collected by streaming potential measurement with the SurPASS3 electrokinetic analyzer (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria). PVDF/PTFE NFs membrane was cut into two 1 cm × 2 cm pieces and fixed on flat sample table, followed by loading in the measurement instrument. Then 0.001 M KCl aqueous electrolyte is circulated through the sample-loaded measuring cell. Automatic titration with 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH solutions was employed to control the pH values upon zeta potential measurement and thus determining the isoelectric point and surface potentials of samples.
4
Zeta Potential of Mycelium Scaffolds
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The surface zeta potential (ζ) of the mycelium-based scaffolds was determined by means of an electrokinetic analyzer for solid surface (SurPASS™ 3, Anton Paar GmbH) using a cylindrical cell. The samples (10 × 10 mm2) were mounted between two filter disks in the sample holder of the cylindrical cell. A KCl aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.01 mol/L was used as the streaming solvent, and the pH was scanned in the range from 2 to 9 (Ruggeri et al., 2022a (link)).
5
Zeta Potential of Non-Woven Materials
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The measurements of ζ-potential of non-woven materials were carried out using a SurPASS 3 instrument (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) according to the method described in [25 (link)]. Briefly, the samples (size: 10 × 20 mm2) were mounted on sample holders in such a fashion that the gap between them was approximately 100 μm. The pressure was varied from 600 mbar to 200 mbar; the temperature was 23 °C. Solution of KCl (0.001 mol/L) was used as the background electrolyte; the pH value was varied from 5 to 9 by addition of 0.05 mol/L KOH.
6
Surface Zeta Potential Measurement of Filters
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Surface zeta potential of
coated and uncoated filters was measured using a commercial electrokinetic
analyzer (SurPASS3, Anton Paar GmbH, Austria). Two 20 × 10 mm2 swatches were cut and fixed onto both sides of the rectangular
planar sample holders of a SurPASS adjustable gap cell using double-sided
polyester tape (#4965, Tesa Tape Inc., Charlotte, NC). Before each
measurement, the samples were rinsed three times with the working
electrolyte solution. For each coating, three streaming voltage measurements
were collected, followed by three streaming current measurements.
All measurements were performed at 22 °C. The gap distance was
kept constant and equal to ∼100 μm. The electrolyte solution
was prepared by dissolving KCl (10 mM) in ultrapure water, and the
pH was kept at ∼7.4 using 50 mM NaOH.
coated and uncoated filters was measured using a commercial electrokinetic
analyzer (SurPASS3, Anton Paar GmbH, Austria). Two 20 × 10 mm2 swatches were cut and fixed onto both sides of the rectangular
planar sample holders of a SurPASS adjustable gap cell using double-sided
polyester tape (#4965, Tesa Tape Inc., Charlotte, NC). Before each
measurement, the samples were rinsed three times with the working
electrolyte solution. For each coating, three streaming voltage measurements
were collected, followed by three streaming current measurements.
All measurements were performed at 22 °C. The gap distance was
kept constant and equal to ∼100 μm. The electrolyte solution
was prepared by dissolving KCl (10 mM) in ultrapure water, and the
pH was kept at ∼7.4 using 50 mM NaOH.
7
Characterization of rhCol III/PDA-PEI Coatings
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The rhCol III loading and the stability of (rhCol III/PDA-PEI)n coatings prepared with FITC-labeled rhCol III on PLA sheets (1 cm × 1 cm, Sichuan Xingtai Pule Medical Technology Co., Ltd.) were observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica SP5, Germany). The microstructure, wettability, and surface elemental components of the (rhCol III/PDA-PEI)n coatings prepared on PLA sheets (1 cm × 1 cm) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Nova NanoSEM 450), attention theta (Biolin Scientific, Sweden), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi, USA), respectively. XPS date were then analyzed with the curve-fitting program (CasaXPS, Version 2.3.17PR1.1). A spectroscopic ellipsometer (M-2000 V, J.A. Woollam, USA) measurement was performed to measure the thickness of the coatings prepared on silicon wafers (1 cm × 1 cm, Ningbo Yilin Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd.). The zeta potentials of rhCol III and the (rhCol III/PDA-PEI)n-coated PLA sheet (2 cm × 1 cm) were measured with a SurPASS 3 (Anton Paar, Austria) instrument.
8
Characterization of Fabricated Membranes
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Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the fabricated membranes were observed using a JEM-2100F electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) images were observed using JSF-7500F electron microscope (JEOL Ltd.). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were observed using a SPA-400 (Hitachi High-Tech Science, Tokyo, Japan). The AFM observation was performed with an OMCL-AC160TS-C3 cantilever (OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan) in dynamic force mode. The crystal structures of the fabricated membranes were measured by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Ultima IV Protectus, Rigaku Corp., Tokyo, Japan) using monochromatized Cu Kα radiation (at 40 kV and 40 mA). The ζ-potential of the sample surfaces was measured using an electrokinetic analyzer (SurPASS™ 3; Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) in 1 mmol/L of KCl aqueous solution. The surface chemical state of the membrane was analyzed using XPS (JPS-9200, JEOL Ltd.). Raman spectroscopy was recorded using a 532 nm laser (NRS-7100, JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). The samples for Raman spectroscopy were prepared by dropping each colloidal solution on a glass plate and drying.
9
Characterizing Membrane Hydrophilicity and Zeta Potential
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Contact angle measurements (Dataphysics Contact Angle System OCA15Pro, Filderstadt, Germany) were carried out to characterize the hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces. A 10 µL volume of ultrapure water was carefully dropped onto the surfaces, and contact angles formed between the given membrane and the ultrapure water droplet were measured immediately (within 1 s). The measurements were repeated four times, and average values were calculated.
The zeta potential values of some membrane surfaces were also measured using a streaming potential technique in an Anton Paar SurPASS 3 device (AntonPaar Gmbh, Graz, Austria) equipped with an adjustable gap cell. During a measurement, two pieces of the membranes (10 mm × 20 mm) were fixed with double-sided adhesive tapes. The measurements were performed at a pH range of ~2–8 (cKCl = 0.001 mol/L), which was adjusted by adding HCl and KOH solutions. The system was equipped with a pH electrode, which continuously monitored the pH value.
The zeta potential values of some membrane surfaces were also measured using a streaming potential technique in an Anton Paar SurPASS 3 device (AntonPaar Gmbh, Graz, Austria) equipped with an adjustable gap cell. During a measurement, two pieces of the membranes (10 mm × 20 mm) were fixed with double-sided adhesive tapes. The measurements were performed at a pH range of ~2–8 (cKCl = 0.001 mol/L), which was adjusted by adding HCl and KOH solutions. The system was equipped with a pH electrode, which continuously monitored the pH value.
10
Comprehensive Structural Analysis of SrGO
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The morphology and structure of sample was observed on a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan). The samples were directly placed into SEM for observation without any special processing. The accelerating voltage was 10 KV, and the current was 5 μA. The atomic composition of sample was analyzed using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Thermo ESCALAB 250, USA) using a 1486.6 eV Al Kα source. The interlayer spacing of the SrGO membrane was measured using a Bruker D8 ADVANC X-ray diffraction. Zeta potentials of the membranes were measured using a streaming current electrokinetic analyzer (SurPASS 3, Anton Paar GmbH, Austria). The thickness of SrGO nanosheets was measured by an atomic force microscopy (AFM, Bruker, Dimension Icon, Germany).
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