Toluene

All reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Deionized water was prepared using an Elix water purification system (Millipore Co. Ltd, Molsheim, France). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane chloride salt (TAP) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate sodium salt (PA) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Yokohama, Japan). Acetone, chloroform, toluene, sodium sulphate anhydrous, sodium borohydride, rhodamine B, sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and tetraoctylammonium bromide were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Ethanol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, aqueous ammonia and 30% hydrogen peroxide were obtained from Kanto Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Polystyrene beads (diameter, 1.0 µm) were purchased from Funakoshi (Tokyo, Japan).

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (CoMoCAT (6,5)-enriched), 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) (≤ 77%), and N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) tetraethylammonium hydroxide solution ~ 25% in methanol (~ 1.5 M) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl] peroxide (CF₃-BPO) was purchased from American Custom Chemicals Corporation. Toluene was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl and bipyridine copolymer (PFO-Bpy) was obtained from American Dye Source, Inc. All chemicals were of analytical purity and used without further purification.

Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate tetrahydrate (HAuCl₄·4H₂O) was purchased from Tanaka Kikinzoku. phenylethanethiol, tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr), sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH₄), methanol, acetone, dichloromethane and toluene were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. All chemicals were used without further purification. Deionized water with a resistivity above 18.2 MΩ cm was used.

Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (137 mM NaCl, 8.1 mM Na₂HPO₄, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH₂PO₄, pH 7.4), toluene, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-adamantanamine (Amino-Ad), and D₂O were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Ethanol was purchased from Shinwa Alcohol Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Mono-(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (Amino–βCD) was prepared following a reported procedure [26 (link)]. Mono-6-(deoxy-acrylamido)-β-cyclodextrin (βCD–AAm) and adamantane–acrylamide (Ad–AAm) were obtained from Yushiro Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Sodium hydroxide, acrylamide (AAm), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), lithium bromide (LiBr), and 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid (MES) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Lithium phenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate (LAP), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Gelatin type A from porcine skin (bloom strength of ~300), gelatin type B from bovine skin (bloom strength of ~225), and methacrylic anhydride were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). Water used to prepare aqueous solutions was purified using a Millipore Integral MT system (Tokyo, Japan). Unless otherwise stated, these reagents were used without further purification.

TPA, α-phenyl-4′-[(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylamino]stilbene, shown in Fig. 1a, was obtained from Ricoh Co. Ltd. Its purity was ensured to be one spot in thin-layer chromatography. C₆₀ (≥ 99%) and C₇₀ (≥ 97%) were obtained from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. The reagents o-xylene (98.0+%), tetrahydrofuran (99.5+%), acetonitrile (99.8+%), and toluene (99.5+%) were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corp. Tetramethylammonium perchlorate (≥ 99.0%), TMAP, was purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc.