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7 protocols using psb1115

1

KPC Tumor Implantation and PSB1115 Treatment

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PSB1115 was purchased from Tocris. C57BL/6 or CD8KO mice (Jax) were implanted with 100K KPC cells subcutaneously and treated with PSB1115 at a concentration of 1 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days per week throughout the duration of the experiment. Vehicle was PBS.
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2

Evaluating Anti-Tumor Effects of PSB1115

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PSB1115 was purchased from Tocris. C57BL/6 or CD8KO mice (Jax) were implanted with 100K KPC cells subcutaneously and treated with PSB1115 at a concentration of 1mg/kg for 5 consecutive days per week throughout the duration of the experiment. Vehicle was PBS.
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3

Binding Assays for Adenosine Receptors

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PSB1115 (4-(2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-1H-purin-8-yl)-benzenesulfonic acid), ZM241385 (4-(2-[7-Amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol), BAY60–6583 (2-[[6-Amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-pyridinyl]thio]-acetamide), and CGS21680 (4-[2-[[6-Amino-9-(N-ethyl-β-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid hydrochloride) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN). Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), dipyridamole, αβ-methylene ADP, and 5’-deoxycoformycin and Ac-YVAD-cmk were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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4

Adenosine Receptor Antagonist Therapy for ADA Deficiency

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PEG-ADA was generated by the covalent modification of purified bovine ADA with activated PEG as described previously (Blackburn et al., 2000 (link)). Ada−/− mice were maintained on high-dose (HD) enzyme therapy at 5U/wk until 8 wks to maintain viability (Mi et al., 2008 (link)). The Ada−/− mice were divided into five groups, each receiving a specific adenosine receptor antagonist, except for controls, that received PBS. For IL-6 antibody studies, mice were divided into two groups. The first was injected IP with neutralizing IL-6 antibody or sgp130Fc (100 μg per day; R&D Systems) for 2 weeks (Le et al., 2014 (link)). The second group was injected daily with PBS or IgG Fc for 2 weeks. SCD mice at 8–14 weeks of age were divided into two groups, followed the same procedures for Ada−/− mice, except for the lower dosage of PEG-ADA (2.5U per week), PSB1115 (200 μg per day; Tocris Bioscience) or sgp130Fc (100 μg per day) for 2 weeks.
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5

Endotoxin-induced cytokine release assay

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After approval from the local ethics committee of the Radboud university medical center (CMO 2010/10), lithium heparin-anticoagulated blood was obtained from 8 healthy volunteers who provided written informed consent. Blood was diluted 5 times in culture medium (RPMI [Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, USA] supplemented with 10 μg/mL gentamicin, 10 mM Glutamax and 10 mM pyruvate) and incubated in 48-well plates in the presence of 1 or 10 μM PSB1115 (Tocris BioScience, Abingdon, UK) or vehicle (DMSO, final concentration of 0.1% in all experimental conditions) for 30 min at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Hereafter, 10 μM 5′-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) or vehicle (DMSO) was added and cultures were again incubated for 30 min. Subsequently, 10 ng/mL endotoxin (E. coli, serotype O55:B5, Sigma Aldrich) or vehicle (RPMI) was added and cultures were incubated for 24 h, after which plates were centrifuged for 8 min at 1400 RPM at room temperature and supernatant collected and stored at −80 °C until analysis. Cytokine concentrations were measured using ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions (Human Duoset, R&D systems).
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6

Modulation of Macrophage Polarization by MSC Exosomes

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To investigate the modulatory effects of MSC exosomes on macrophage polarization, the rat primary macrophages were treated with either 10 μg/mL exosomes or PBS vehicle for 24 and 48 h (Figure 1A). To investigate the role of CD73 in mediating the exosome effects, macrophages were co-treated with 10 μg/mL exosomes and 10 nM PSB12379 (CD73 inhibitor; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK) (Figure 1B). The role of adenosine receptors in the activation of AKT and ERK pathways was investigated by pre-treating the cells with 2 μM of ZM241385 (A2A receptor antagonist; Tocris), 200 nM PSB1115 (A2B receptor antagonist; Tocris), 1 μM wortmannin (AKT inhibitor; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), or 10 μM U0126 (ERK inhibitor; Cell Signaling Technology) for 1 h, before treatment with 10 μg/mL exosomes (Figure 1C). For the inhibitor studies, the macrophages were harvested at 30 min for western blot analysis, 24 and 48 h for gene expression analysis, and 48 h for immunofluorescence staining (Figure 1B,C). All in vitro experiments were performed in triplicates (n = 3) in two independent trials.
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7

Optimizing Inflammatory Cytokine Assays

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All reagents were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA) unless otherwise noted. Nigericin, adenosine and MTA were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO), while SCH442416, PSB1115 and MRE 3008F20 were from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN) and TLR ligands were from Invivogen (San Diego, CA). Anti-HMGB1 rabbit monoclonal antibody (mAb) EPR3507 was from Genetex (Irvine, CA), anti-actin mouse mAb AC-15 was from Sigma-Aldrich, anti-IL-1β mouse mAb 3ZD was from Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (Frederick, MD), IL-1β ELISA antibodies were from eBioscience (San Diego, CA), TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10 ELISA antibodies were from BioLegend (San Diego, CA), FITC-conjugated anti-CD69 and APC-conjugated anti-CD86 mAb were from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA), and anti-mouse and anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to HRP were from Jackson Immunoresearch (West Grove, PA). Bone marrow was either a generous gift from Lisa Borghesi or obtained from C57BL/6 mice (Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, ME) maintained in accordance with the Texas Tech Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
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