The samples were subjected to a biaxial flexural strength test according to ISO 6872/2008, 16 in a universal testing machine (EMIC, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil). Disc-shaped specimens were positioned with the treated surface face down (tensile stress) on three support balls (Ø = 3.2 mm) placed 10 mm apart from each other in a triangular arrangement. The assembly was immersed in water, and a flat circular tungsten piston (Ø = 1.6 mm) was used to apply an increasing load (1 mm/min) until catastrophic failure. Before the test, adhesive tape (12 mm × 10 mm, 3M ESPE) was fixed on the compressive side of the discs to retain the fragments 18 and enhance the contact between piston and sample. 19 The strength σ (MPa) was calculated according to ISO 6872/2008. 16 After the test, the specimens were analyzed under a stereomicroscope (SteREO Discovery. V12, Carl Zeiss) to verify the location of the fracture origin.
Adhesive tape
Manufactured by 3M
Sourced in United States
Adhesive tape is a type of laboratory equipment used to temporarily secure or hold objects in place. It consists of a flexible backing material coated with an adhesive substance. The core function of adhesive tape is to provide a practical and removable way to attach items during laboratory procedures or experiments.
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Lab products found in correlation
Stereo discovery v12, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Imq cream, by 3M (1 mentions)
Quark cpet, by Cosmed (1 mentions)
Multiskan spectrum, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Glycerol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Franz diffusion cell, by PermeGear (1 mentions)
Ta hd plus texture analyser, by Stable Micro Systems (1 mentions)
Fc204, by Gilson (1 mentions)
Minipuls 2, by Gilson (1 mentions)
11 protocols using adhesive tape
1
Biaxial Flexural Strength Evaluation
2
sEMG Muscle Activity Measurement Protocol
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During the isometric muscle action, sEMG signals were recorded from the VL using a 5-pin surface array sensor (Delsys, Boston, MA). The pins have a diameter of 0.5 mm and were positioned at the corners of a 5 x 5 mm square, with the fifth pin in the center. Prior to sensor placement, the surface of the skin was prepared by shaving, removing superficial dead skin with adhesive tape (3M, St Paul, MN), and sterilizing with an alcohol swab. The sensor was placed over the VL muscle at 50% of the distance between the greater trochanter and the lateral condyle of the femur with adhesive tape. Our sensor location was different from that suggested by Zaheer et al.[37 (link)], however, the MU yields from this location tend to be similar or higher[32 ,36 (link)]. The reference electrode was placed over the left patella. The signals from four pairs of the sensor electrodes were differentially amplified and filtered with a bandwidth of 20 Hz to 9.5 kHz. The signals were sampled at 20 kHz and stored on a computer for off-line analysis.
3
Skin Stripping, De-lipidization, and Photoaging Protocols
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Adhesive tape (Scotch, 3M) was applied to the surface of the excised nude mouse or pig skin and then removed, with the application/removal being done a total of 20 times to achieve SC-stripped skin. De-lipid skin was prepared by incubating the skin surface with chloroform/methanol (2:1) for 2 h. The de-sebum skin was obtained by a cold hexane (4°C) wash repeated five times.44 (link) We prepared the de-protein skin using ethanol/water (2:3) incubation on the skin surface for 2 h.45 In the induction of photoaging skin, the back of the nude mice was exposed under UVB at 312 nm (Vilber Lourmat, Marne-la-Vallée, France).46 (link) The spectral irradiance was 175 mJ/cm2. The dorsal area was exposed to UVB once a day for 5 days. The induction of a psoriasis-like lesion was performed according to the previous protocol.47 (link) In brief, the skin on the shaved back of the hairy mice was topically applied with IMQ cream (Aldara, 3M) at a dose of 62.5 mg each day for 6 consecutive days. The applied region was covered with Tegaderm and nonwoven cloth after the IMQ application.
4
Time to Exhaustion at Power Maximum in Cyclists
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In sessions 2 and 3, cyclists performed the three successive TTEs at POMAX at their preferred cadence. Exhaustion was defined as the time when the cyclist was unable to maintain a cadence above 70 rpm. During the successive TTE, cadence and PO were measured using the cycle ergometer software. VO2 was measured breath-by-breath using an open-circuit gas analyzer (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Rome, Lazio, Italy), following procedures similar to the ones used in the incremental test. Peripheral muscle oxygenation (Figure 3 ) data collection was performed using a NIRS (PortaMon, Artinis Medical Systems, Elst, Guéldria, Netherlands) probe (light emitting and photoreceptor), which was positioned in the vastus lateralis muscle belly of the right lower limb, longitudinally located between the femur’s lateral epicondyle and trochanter (~10 cm above the knee joint), fixed with adhesive tape (3M Company, Saint Paul, MN, USA), and wrapped by the cyclist’s bretelle to prevent light penetration during all TTE.
5
Adhesion Testing of Metal Coatings
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The damaged metal substrates for the repair test were prepared by artificially cracking a Pt-coated glass substrate and an Au-coated glass substrate with a sharp cutter. The platinum and gold on the glass wafer (purchased from the Find Chemical Industry) were coated at a thickness of 30 nm and 100 nm (with an additional 10 nm layer of chromium below) using an e-beam evaporator (FE-EB10, ULVAC, Inc., Methuen, MA, USA). The adhesion test was conducted under the repeated peeling in the same place on the surface of the electrode with adhesive tape (3M, Scotch).
6
Biaxial Flexural Strength of Dental Ceramics
7
Flexural Strength of Dental Ceramics
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The specimens were subjected to flexural loading (1 mm/min, 100 kgf load, in water) in universal testing device (Emic DL-1000, Emic, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil) until catastrophic failure occurred (ISO 6872). The specimens were positioned with the treated surface (tensile side) down on the three supporting balls (Ø= 3.2 mm) 10 mm equidistant apart from each other in a triangular position. The assembly was immersed in water and circular tungsten sphere (Ø=1.6 mm) was used to apply load (1 mm/ min) until catastrophic failure. An adhesive tape (12 mm x 10 mm) (3M ESPE, Minn, St Paul, USA) was fixed on the compression side of the discs prior to the tests in order to avoid the fragments spreading and to provide better sphere-specimen contact.
8
Enamel Microbiopsies for Calcium-Phosphorus Ratio
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An enamel microbiopsy was carried out to quantify calcium to phosphorus ratio of tooth submitted to interventions. In this study, the protocol published by Amaral, et al.
13 (link)
(2012) was adapted for use in the first upper premolar at T 0 , T B and T 14 . The biopsy site was isolated by the operator with an adhesive tape (3M Oral Care, St. Louis, MN, United States) with a circular 1.6 mm perforation. Five μL of 1.6 M HCl in 70% glycerol (v/v) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) were applied in this region for 20 s with continuous gentle stirring. This solution was collected and dispensed in a test tube with 200 μL of ultra-purified water. Afterwards, 5 μL of 70% glycerol were applied on the same region for 10 s, and it was also transferred to the same tube.
The Arsenazo III and malachite green methods described by Vogel, et al.
23 (link)
(1983) were used to determine the Ca and P content in μg, respectively, in 25 μL of each sample. The absorbance was read in 96-well plates at 650 nm wavelength in a Multiskan Spectrum (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) microplate reader. The results were expressed as Ca/P ratio.
13 (link)
(2012) was adapted for use in the first upper premolar at T 0 , T B and T 14 . The biopsy site was isolated by the operator with an adhesive tape (3M Oral Care, St. Louis, MN, United States) with a circular 1.6 mm perforation. Five μL of 1.6 M HCl in 70% glycerol (v/v) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) were applied in this region for 20 s with continuous gentle stirring. This solution was collected and dispensed in a test tube with 200 μL of ultra-purified water. Afterwards, 5 μL of 70% glycerol were applied on the same region for 10 s, and it was also transferred to the same tube.
The Arsenazo III and malachite green methods described by Vogel, et al.
23 (link)
(1983) were used to determine the Ca and P content in μg, respectively, in 25 μL of each sample. The absorbance was read in 96-well plates at 650 nm wavelength in a Multiskan Spectrum (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) microplate reader. The results were expressed as Ca/P ratio.
9
Dust Storm Sampling Protocol
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Sampling devices were prepared and planned for collection proactively with assistance from the Al Zulfi metrological prediction report. During sandstorm episodes the AFP-EDC device was exposed horizontally with fixed by 3 M adhesive tape (3 M, USA), the sample was collected at a height of 1.5-meters above the ground level. The total duration of exposure was a minimum of 24 h. Outdoor samples were collected from the residential area and educational institute campus at the College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University. In this study, we refer to sand and dust storms using the definitions provided by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The classifications for dust storms are: denoted + (strong), 2+ (severe) and 3+ (extreme) (Querol et al., 2019 (link)).
10
Dentin Disc Adhesion Force Measurement
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Dentin discs 2 mm in thickness were cut from extracted human third molars and serially polished with SiC papers (#400–4000). The dentin discs were then soaked in 17% EDTA solution for 1 minute, dried, and fixed on a glass plate with an adhesive tape (3 M, St. Paul, MN, USA). A Texture Analyzer (TA XT plus; Stable Micro Systems, Surrey, UK) equipped with a 100 g load cell, and a flat stainless steel probe 10 mm in diameter was used for measurements. A 0.3 mL quantity of each experimental mixture was carefully loaded onto the dentin disc (n = 3). After 1 minute, the probe was slowly moved downward (1.0 mm/sec) to squeeze the mixture until the final gap between the probe and dentin disc was 0.1 mm. The probe was subsequently pulled back at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/sec. The force required for separation was recorded to an accuracy of 0.1 mN.
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