Risperidone

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany

Risperidone is a medication used to treat various psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and certain symptoms of autism. It is an antipsychotic drug that works by affecting the balance of certain natural substances in the brain.

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Risperidone-d4 (2 citations)

68 protocols using risperidone

Modeling Schizophrenia in Rats

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We randomly divided the rats into four groups, and then injected lentivirus particles carrying the EGR3 gene into their bilateral hippocampus and dentate gyrus to build the schizophrenia model as described earlier (5 (link)). We also injected lentivirus particles carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) instead of EGR3 into the same brain regions to build the sham-operation group. As for the risperidone treatment group, the EGR3 transfected rats were administered an intraperitoneal injection of risperidone (0.2 mg/kg, Sigma, USA) for 14 consecutive days after a two-week recovery period. Dead subjects were removed after the above procedure, and the remaining 34 rats were divided into the schizophrenia model group (E, 10, rats + EGR3 gene + normal saline), sham-operation group (FE, 9, rats + GFP gene + normal saline), healthy control group (H, 6, rats without operation + normal saline), and risperidone treatment group (T, 9, rats + EGR3 + risperidone).

Li G., Han X., Gao W., Song Z., Zhao S., Sun F., Ma H., Cui A., Tang X, & Ma G. (2020). Influence of EGR3 Transfection on Imaging and Behavior in Rats and Therapeutic Effect of Risperidone in Schizophrenia Model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 00787.

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Antipsychotic Drug Dissolution Protocol

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AAPs including clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All drugs were dissolved in DMSO and stored at 4 °C until use.

Chen C.C., Hsu L.W., Huang K.T., Goto S., Chen C.L, & Nakano T. (2017). Overexpression of Insig-2 inhibits atypical antipsychotic-induced adipogenic differentiation and lipid biosynthesis in adipose-derived stem cells. Scientific Reports, 7, 10901.

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Risperidone Treatment in Behavioral Tests

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Risperidone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA, R3030, 0.01 mg/kg) dissolved with saline was administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections 30 min before each behavioral test. Especially, administration was performed on each day of the novel object recognition and fear-conditioning test. Saline was injected to the control mice as a vehicle. Bicuculine and NBQX were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK).

Nitta A., Izuo N., Hamatani K., Inagaki R., Kusui Y., Fu K., Asano T., Torii Y., Habuchi C., Sekiguchi H., Iritani S., Muramatsu S.I., Ozaki N, & Miyamoto Y. (2021). Schizophrenia-Like Behavioral Impairments in Mice with Suppressed Expression of Piccolo in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(7), 607.

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Drug Administration for Behavioral Study

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Diazepam (045–18901; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Japan) was dissolved in saline and 1% Tween80. Risperidone (R3030; Sigma-Aldrich, Japan) was dissolved in saline. The behavioral experiments were performed 30 min after the drug administration. The mice administered with Diazepam or Risperidone were not used for other behavioral experiments.

Fu K., Miyamoto Y., Sumi K., Saika E., Muramatsu S.I., Uno K, & Nitta A. (2017). Overexpression of transmembrane protein 168 in the mouse nucleus accumbens induces anxiety and sensorimotor gating deficit. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189006.

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Preparation of Psychoactive Drug Solutions

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Apomorphine hydrochloride was dissolved in saline (NaCl 0.9%) that contained 0.1% ascorbic acid to prevent oxidation. Molsidomine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in saline (NaCl 0.9%). Clozapine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and risperidone (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in a minimum volume of acetic acid, made up to volume with saline, and pH adjusted to 7 with 0.1 M NaOH. All drug solutions were freshly prepared on the day of testing and were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 1 mL/kg. For all studies, control rats received isovolumetric quantities of the specific vehicle solutions. The chemical structures of Molsidomine, Clozapine, and risperidone are illustrated in Figure 5.

Vartzoka F., Ozenoglu E, & Pitsikas N. (2023). The Nitric Oxide (NO) Donor Molsidomine Attenuates Memory Impairments Induced by the D1/D2 Dopaminergic Receptor Agonist Apomorphine in the Rat. Molecules, 28(19), 6861.

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Antioxidant Evaluation of Diosgenin and Risperidone

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Diosgenin (DG), risperidone (RIS), antioxidant reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA and Burgoyne Burbidges & Co., Mumbai, India. Ketamine hydrochloride was bought from Rolex Medica, Germany. Other chemicals bought for this study were of analytical grades with the highest purities.

Ben-Azu B., Adebayo O.G., Fokoua A.R., Oritsemuelebi B., Chidebe E.O., Nwogueze C.B., Kumanwee L., Uyere G.E, & Emuakpeje M.T. (2024). Antipsychotic effect of diosgenin in ketamine-induced murine model of schizophrenia: Involvement of oxidative stress and cholinergic transmission. IBRO Neuroscience Reports, 16, 86-97.

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Radioligand Binding Assay Protocols

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[³H]PZ (84 Ci/mmol) was obtained from Perkin Elmer (Boston, MA, USA). Atropine, pirenzepine, cimetidine, risperidone, and theophylline were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and dissolved in assay buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4).

Zhang M., Vrolijk M, & Haenen G.R. (2017). The Screening of Anticholinergic Accumulation by Traditional Chinese Medicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 18.

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Effect of Levetiracetam and Risperidone on Cognition

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Levetiracetam (synthesized by Tecoland Corporation, Irvine, CA) and risperidone (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) were tested for their effect on cognition. Levetiracetam was diluted in saline and dosed at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, and risperidone was diluted in a vehicle consisting of 0.25% Tween-80 in saline and dosed at 0.1, 0.17, and 0.3 mg/kg. The drugs were administered in a volume of 1ml/kg intraperitoneally 30–40 min prior to test sessions. Levetiracetam doses were chosen based on their efficacy in targeting neural overactivity in rodents (Haberman et al., 2017 (link); Koh et al., 2010 (link)), and risperidone doses were chosen based on antipsychotic clinical relevance (50% D₂ receptor occupancy and efficacy in animal models of antipsychotic activity; Wadenberg et al., 2001 (link)).

Koh M.T., Shao Y., Rosenzweig-Lipson S, & Gallagher M. (2017). Treatment with levetiracetam improves cognition in a ketamine rat model of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 193, 119-125.

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Antipsychotics Effects on Poly(I:C) Activation

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Poly (I:C) was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). Clozapine, risperidone, haloperidol, and CRID3 (CP-456, 773) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The antipsychotics risperidone (20 μM), Clozapine (10 μM), and haloperidol (20 μM) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with a final concentration of 0.05% in the culture medium [18 (link),19 (link)]. DMSO at the highest concentration (0.05%) that was used for the experimental conditions was not toxic to the cells.

V. Giridharan V., Scaini G., Colpo G.D., Doifode T., F. Pinjari O., Teixeira A.L., Petronilho F., Macêdo D., Quevedo J, & Barichello T. (2020). Clozapine Prevents Poly (I:C) Induced Inflammation by Modulating NLRP3 Pathway in Microglial Cells. Cells, 9(3), 577.

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Neurochemical Assessment of Biochemical Interactions

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Opipramol (4-[3-(5H-dibenz[b,f]-azepine-5-yl)-propyl]-1-piperazine-ethanol dihydrochloride), haloperidol, risperidone, phenelzine, pargyline, harmine, tyramine, benzylamine, semicarbazide, cytochalasin B, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin, hydrogen peroxide, horseradish peroxidase, isoprenaline, cytochalasin B, and routinely used chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich-Merck (St. Quentin Fallavier, France), unless otherwise specified. Amplex Red was provided by InterChim (Montluçon, France). [³H]-2-Deoxyglucose, [¹⁴C]-benzylamine, and scintillation cocktail were purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). Different [¹⁴C]-tyramine batches were either from PerkinElmer or Sigma. Olanzapine and ziprazidone were generous gifts from Prof. Renaud de Beaurepaire (Hosp. Paul-Guiraud, Villejuif, France).

Carpéné C., Les F., Mercader J., Gomez-Zorita S., Grolleau J.L., Boulet N., Fontaine J., Iglesias-Osma M.C, & Garcia-Barrado M.J. (2020). Opipramol Inhibits Lipolysis in Human Adipocytes without Altering Glucose Uptake and Differently from Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Drugs with Adverse Effects on Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals, 13(3), 41.

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