Procyanidin a2

Manufactured by Extrasynthese

Sourced in France

Procyanidin A2 is a chemical compound that belongs to the class of proanthocyanidins. It is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plant sources. Procyanidin A2 has a defined chemical structure and molecular formula.

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Lab products found in correlation

Epicatechin, by Extrasynthese (6 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Procyanidin b2, by Extrasynthese (5 mentions) Catechin, by Extrasynthese (5 mentions) P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Epicatechin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) P coumaric acid, by Extrasynthese (4 mentions) Formic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Quercetin 3 o galactoside, by Extrasynthese (4 mentions) 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (4 mentions) Procyanidin b2, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Epicatechin gallate, by Extrasynthese (4 mentions) Quercetin 3 o glucoside, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions) Caffeic acid, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions) Cyanidin 3 o galactoside, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions) Chlorogenic acid, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions) Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)

15 protocols using procyanidin a2

Inhibition Assay of Bioactive Compounds

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Cinnamtannin B-1 was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., (New York, NY, USA). The target-verified inhibitors including LOPAC1280 used in the inhibition assay were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., (St. Louis, MO, USA). The PI3K and PKC inhibitors (LY294002 and Gö6983, respectively) were purchased from EMD Millipore Corp., (Billerica, MA, USA). The phospholipase C (PLC), lipoxygenase (LOX), and purine inhibitors (U-73343, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and azathioprine, respectively) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The biflavonoids used were procyanidins and biflavonoids from Cupressus and Garcinia [25 ,26 ], which are similar to the procyanidins. Procyanidin A2, procyanidin B1, and cupressuflavone were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). For the monomeric flavonoids and polyphenols, (+)-catechin was purchased from Nagara Science Co., Ltd., (Gifu, Japan). Genistein was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., (St. Louis, MO, USA). Caffeic and gallic acids were obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc., (St. Paul, MN, USA).

Fujita K., Kuge K., Ozawa N., Sahara S., Zaiki K., Nakaoji K., Hamada K., Takenaka Y., Tanahashi T., Tamai K., Kaneda Y, & Maeda A. (2015). Cinnamtannin B-1 Promotes Migration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Accelerates Wound Healing in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0144166.

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Procyanidin A2 Effects on Alveolar Cells

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The human alveolar epithelial (A549) cell-line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC^® CCL-185™, (c/o Cryosite, New South Wales, Australia)). Cell culture media, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), penicillin-streptomycin-neomycin antibiotic mixture, 100× l-glutamine, and 2.5% trypsin were purchased from Life Technologies (Auckland, New Zealand). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Moregate Biotech (Hamilton, New Zealand). Procyanidin A2 (HPLC ≥ 99%, epicatechin-(4β-8, 2β-O-7)-epicatechin) was purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). The CCL26 DuoSet ELISA kit, human recombinant IL-4 and IFNγ were purchased from R&D Systems (Pharmaco, Auckland, New Zealand). Low-endotoxin bovine serum albumin was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Auckland, New Zealand). Ecoteric T20 (Tween 20) and 30% hydrogen peroxide were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Auckland, New Zealand). Sodium acetate tri-hydrate was from BDH Laboratory Supplies (Poole, UK). β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced dipotassium salt (NADH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and all other chemicals not specifically listed were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Coleman S.L., Kruger M.C., Sawyer G.M, & Hurst R.D. (2016). Procyanidin A2 Modulates IL-4-Induced CCL26 Production in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(11), 1888.

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Quantification of Cranberry Polyphenols

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Standards of catechin (CAT), epicatechin (EC), myricetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, procyanidin C1 (PC1), and procyanidin A2 (PA2) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Methanol, acetonitrile, 4-dimethylammino-cinnamaldehyde (DMAC), and acetic acid were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amicon ultra-4 centrifugal filter units of 3, 10, 30, 50, and 100 nominal molecular weight limits (NMWL) were supplied from Merck Millipore (Milan, Italy). Water was from a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Milford, CT, USA). Commercial dried cranberry extracts (A1, A2, and A3) were obtained from different manufacturers. Notably, A1 and A3 were obtained from an industrial producer of natural ingredients starting from whole berry. On the contrary, A2 was produced by a small company through a proprietary purification and concentration process starting from cranberry commercial extracts. Details regarding the plant origins and manufacturing processes of the extracts are not available.

Gardana C, & Simonetti P. (2019). Evaluation of the Degree of Polymerization of the Proanthocyanidins in Cranberry by Molecular Sieving and Characterization of the Low Molecular Weight Fractions by UHPLC-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 24(8), 1504.

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Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays

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Acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2-Di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methanol, acetic acid, phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4), LOX Activity Assay kit, AChE Assay kit, α-amylase from porcine pancreas, α-glucoamylase from Rhizopus sp., lipase from porcine pancreas, trini-trobenzenesulfonic acid, NaH₂PO₄, and 3,5-dini-trosalicylic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). COX Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit was purchased from Cayman (No. 560131; Ann Arbor, MI, USA). (−)-Epicatechin, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, di caffeic acid, procyanidin A2, procyanidin B2, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic, kampferol-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-xyloside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Acetonitrile for ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC; gradient grade) and ascorbic acid were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The carriers (30%) applied to produce powders were maltodextrin DE (20–40) and inulin (Beneo-Orafti, Belgium).

Lachowicz S., Świeca M, & Pejcz E. (2020). Improvement of Health-Promoting Functionality of Rye Bread by Fortification with Free and Microencapsulated Powders from Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Antioxidants, 9(7), 614.

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Antioxidant Characterization of Brazilian Wine

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Wine alcohol 65% v/v was obtained from winery Ouro Verde-Miolo Wine Group (Casa Nova, BA, Brazil). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, ethanol, potassium persulfate, phosphoric acid, and potassium phosphate monobasic were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromate-2-carboxylic acid) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol was from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained with a Marte Científica purification system (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). External standards of gallic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, procyanidin B₁, catechin, procyanidin B₂, and caffeic acid came from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, procyanidin A₂, quercetin 3-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol 3-glucoside, myricetin, and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside came from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). The trans-Resveratrol was obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Michigan, EUA, Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Coelho E.M., de Souza M.E., Corrêa L.C., Viana A.C., de Azevêdo L.C, & dos Santos Lima M. (2019). Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Mango Peel Liqueurs (Mangifera indica L.) Produced by Different Methods of Maceration. Antioxidants, 8(4), 102.

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Chromatography of Polyphenol Standards

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Chromatography
standards of (−)-epicatechin,
procyanidin B2, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
acid (34PA), and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (34PP) were
acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Standards of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic
acid (HPP), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (34BA), and 3-hydroxybenzoic
acid (HBA) were acquired from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA). 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-g-valerolactone (34PV) was acquired from Toronto Chemicals
(North York, ON, Canada). Procyanidin A2 was purchased from Extrasynthese
(Lyon, France). LC-MS-grade mobile phases were also from Sigma-Aldrich,
and formic acid was from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH).

Diaz M.S., Mertens-Talcott S.U, & Talcott S.T. (2024). Intestinal Microbiome Metabolism of Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Proanthocyanidin Dimers, but Not Trimers, Is Altered by Dysbiosis in Ulcerative Colitis Ex Vivo. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72(8), 4184-4194.

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Antioxidant Capacity Assessment Protocols

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Folin–Ciocalteu and gallic acid-1-hydrate (C6H2(OH)3COOH.H2O) were from PanReac (Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona); tannic acid, TPTZ 2,4,6-tri (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), NADH (nicotine-adenine dinucleotide reduced), NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium) ≥97%, and PMS (phenazine methosulfate) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Buenos Aires, Argentina); 1-butanol, NED (1- naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride), and sulfanilic acid were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); procyanidin A2 was from Extrasynthese (Genay, França); potassium iodate was from VWR Analar Normapur; and sodium nitroprusside was from Riedel-de Haën (Charlotte, NC, USA). All reagents were pro analysis grade. All absorbance measurements were performed in a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 25 (Watertown, MA, USA). The reagents were weighed on an analytical balance (Sartorius ± 0.0001 g).

Rita K., Bernardo M.A., Silva M.L., Brito J., Mesquita M.F., Pintão A.M, & Moncada M. (2022). Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab Fruit) Effect on Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14(2), 398.

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Extraction and Characterization of Plant Polyphenols

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Methanol and ethanol were from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany) and were like all other solvents used of HPLC grade. Trolox, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid and phloridzin dihydrate were from Sigma–Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, coffeic acid, rutin trihydrate and acetic acid were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Avicularin was used from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Protocatechuic acid, hyperoside, iso quercitrin, quercitrin and procyanidin A2 were from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Reynoutrin was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (Berkshire, UK). 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was from Fisher Scientific (Nidderau, Germany). HPLC grade water (18 MΩ) was prepared using a MicroPure purification system (Thermo Electron LED GmbH, Niederelbert, Germany). Sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), meta-phosphoric acid (Sigma–Aldrich) and all other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Kschonsek J., Wolfram T., Stöckl A, & Böhm V. (2018). Polyphenolic Compounds Analysis of Old and New Apple Cultivars and Contribution of Polyphenolic Profile to the In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants, 7(1), 20.

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Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Analyses of Plant Compounds

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Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, epicatechin, p‐coumaric acid, epicatechin gallate, procyanidin A2, sucrose (D‐(+) saccharose), fructose (D‐fructose), and glucose (D‐glucose) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, formic, and propionic acid standard reagent were obtained from Bio‐Rad (Istanbul, Turkiye). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) from Honeywell, ethyl acetate, methanol, and Folin–Ciocalteu's reagent from Sigma‐Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), acetic acid, sodium carbonate, nitric acid, ascorbic acid, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) were acquired. Ampicillin, vancomycin, penicillin G, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin antimicrobial susceptibility test disks were purchased from Bioanalyse (Ankara, Turkiye). Ultrapure water used in extraction and analyses was obtained through Millipore Direct‐Q 3 UV ultrapure water system (Millipore, USA).

Akbulut H.F, & Akbulut M. (2023). Mineral composition, the profile of phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugar and in vitro antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of organic extracts of Juniperus drupacea fruits. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(10), 6435-6446.

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Analytical Characterization of Polyphenols

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Acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), acetic acid, and phloroglucinol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). (−)-Epicatechin, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, di-caffeic quinic acid, procyanidin B2, procyanidin A2, p-coumaric acid, keampferol-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, caffeic acid, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside standards were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Acetonitrile for ultra-phase liquid chromatography (UPLC; gradient grade) and ascorbic acid were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Lachowicz S., Michalska-Ciechanowska A, & Oszmiański J. (2020). The Impact of Maltodextrin and Inulin on the Protection of Natural Antioxidants in Powders Made of Saskatoon Berry Fruit, Juice, and Pomace as Functional Food Ingredients. Molecules, 25(8), 1805.

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